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The Death Of The 100% Mortgage

Cliff D'Arcy

By

Cliff D'Arcy

From the Fool blog

Office Politics

Published in Mortgages on 2 July 2008

In February, thirteen different mortgage lenders offered 100% home loans. Today, these loans have died out. This will have a nasty effect on house prices.

Before buying a house, it makes sense to save up a deposit. Of course, the larger the deposit the better, but you have to draw the line somewhere. By saving hard to buy a home, you get into the important habit of budgeting properly. In addition, your deposit gives you access to a wider range of mortgages.

However, in recent years, house prices have shot up so fast that savers have been unable to keep pace. Hence, during the housing boom, it paid to ‘get on the ladder’ as soon as you could. Then again, now that house prices are falling steeply, taking your time and saving hard make perfect sense.

Conversely, what can you do if you don’t have any savings to help buy a property? One answer is to borrow the entire purchase price, via a 100% percent mortgage. Between 1995 and 2007, house prices rose for twelve years in a row. Given this seemingly unstoppable trend, mortgage lenders rushed to give homebuyers ever-larger loans. Thus, as well as 100% mortgages, the housing boom saw the introduction of 105%, 125% and even 130% mortgages.

The most infamous of these mad mortgages was Northern Rock’s Together mortgage, which I criticised repeatedly, beginning in March 2005 with Home Loans That End In Tears. Although the credit crunch virtually blew up Northern Rock last September, it continued to offer this crazy 125% mortgage until February, when it was nationalised by the government. When the last lender shut the door on 100%+ mortgages, I celebrated their departure in No More Mad Mortgages.

However, the bad news for first-time buyers is that, thanks to continued house-price falls, the market for 100% mortgages has also dried up. Take a look at the following table, which shows when each 100% lender ducked out:

 

Lender

Date

withdrew

Bank of Scotland Mortgages

15/02/08

NatWest

27/02/08

Royal Bank of Scotland

27/02/08

The Mortgage Works

07/03/08

Bradford & Bingley

12/03/08

Mortgage Express

12/03/08

Stroud & Swindon BS

12/03/08

Cheltenham & Gloucester

13/03/08

Dunfermline BS

25/03/08

Lloyds TSB Scotland

29/03/08

Abbey

07/04/08

Bristol & West Mortgages

24/06/08

Bank of Ireland Mortgages

25/06/08

 

First out of the blocks was Bank of Scotland, which made a sharp exit after Valentine’s Day. Later that month, RBS and NatWest (both part of RBS Group) pulled their 100% loans. In March, seven of the remaining ten lenders withdrew their 100% mortgage deals.  In the first week of April, Abbey bowed out.

However, the real stragglers were sister companies Bristol & West Mortgages and Bank of Ireland Mortgages, which hung on until late June before leaving this market. Frankly, I am amazed that lenders continued to offer 100% mortgages after the carnage in March. The writing was already on the wall for house prices, so why take the risk of lending to borrowers who don’t have a large deposit or hefty housing equity?

Anyway, the long and short of it is that it is now impossible to get on to the housing ladder without a decent deposit. Indeed, although 5% to 10% of the purchase price will get your foot in the door, the best deals are reserved for borrowers with deposits of 25%+. Hence, although house prices are falling, first-time buyers have effectively been shut out of the market for cheap mortgages.

Finally, according to recent research in the US*, the supply and availability of 100% mortgages has a significant impact on the future direction of house prices. Thus, with no 100% mortgages in the UK, things look increasingly grim for those on (or reaching for) the lower rungs of the housing ladder...

(* When I find a link to this research, I will post it here.)

Many thanks to Darren Cook and Michelle Slade at Moneyfacts for providing the above data.

More: Find the finest mortgages via the Fool | HSBC 'Rescue' Mortgage Is Now A Rip-Off | A Handful Of Housing Horrors!

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Superskuller 02 Jul 2008, 5:01pm

Cliff, you are totally vindicated in your decision to sell up a couple of years ago. At the current rate of falls, house prices will be back at 2001 levels in less than a year.

Anyone renting an "average" property in the UK is currently avoiding a £13,000 capital loss AND saving money by paying less rent than a mortgage on an equivalent property. Not really the "dead money" people claim renting is, is it?

DIYfixer 03 Jul 2008, 4:56am

But I don't care if my house value falls in the short to medium term because it's my home. If I'm here for the next 10 to 15 years that's fine as by then my mortgage will be finished. 100% mortgages have not always been around and people bought houses and the values still went up. As for smug tennants, remember as more people may need to rent and rental property comes in to demand, I suspect demand will out pace supply, therfor rents will increase so good luck on that one.

Dhahran2001 03 Jul 2008, 7:57am

In the last paragraph, 'significant' has a relatively precise meaning in a statistical sense but the word may be used differently by journalists; there is not enough information in the first sentence to gauge what it really means.
If you want a 100% mortgage and you can't get one it hardly matters where on the housing ladder you are.

Enzyme76 03 Jul 2008, 9:16am

A house is a home not an investment.
If you have renting for the past x years, you have still wasted money, that you could have put to good use in YOUR HOME.

Fazzersix 03 Jul 2008, 9:17am

Nature is the root of housing crisis topped by stupid mortgage lenders then topped by the stupid government for not controlling the lending criteria.

First time buyers where offered the option to get on the housing ladder with to many multiples of their income,so its natural they buy semi or detatched property.

If lenders had been more sensible buyers would have bought a terrace property within their budget and probably now be in a position to ride this current finacial storm.

The lenders need regulation by the goverment to stop this happening in the future.

chasbmw 03 Jul 2008, 9:19am

Values do not always go up, if you had bought at near the top of the market in 73 or 88 then you wouls have had to wait a long time to see the values recover in real terms.

Rent rises are limited by the ability of tenants to pay and there seems to be lots of stock on at the moment put on by people who find it difficult to sell their houses at the prices they want.

cazjeffries 03 Jul 2008, 9:19am

I agree with DIYfixer, I bought my house over 2 years. The house next door was up for rent at the same time, for £150 more a month than our mortgage. Even with our fixed rated coming to an end and fixing at a higher rate than in 2006, our mortgage is still lower than the rent, so paying our mortgage really isn't dead money, as it is still cheaper than renting. We also plan to stay in our house for at least 10 years and see our house as where we live, rather than an investment.

Hudges 03 Jul 2008, 9:21am

The Government let this situation happen by allowing these excessive loans. They had and still have the power to control lending.

Their policies in these areas have been two fold; a) to allow excessive lending to inflate the economy so that they can pump money into public services in the mistaken belief that this will improve these services; and b) to allow excessive lending to further raise house prices so that people use this 'value' to fund their retirement, thus taking the strain from public pension provision.

The Government has been stressing the need for affordable housing, and yet the fact that ordinary housing has become unaffordable is a direct result of their policies. Hopefully the current housing 'market'* adjustment will make ordinary housing affordable again.

(* 'Market' is in quotes because the housing market is not a free market. It is affected by planning laws and the level of immigration, both of which can be controlled by Government.)

Superskuller 03 Jul 2008, 9:26am

Enzyme76, how much of your mortgage payment is interest compared to capital repayment?

The place I'm renting is cheaper than the interest only payment on mortgage for an equivalent property.

It is for this very simple reason that I'm confident that the market has a LONG way to drop - bubbles are defined by price rises in one commodity (i.e. purchase prices) but no equivalent rise in adjecent commodities (i.e. rents).

We've got a bit of national obsession with "owning" property, but many people (those on interest only deals) are really just renting, albeit long term, from the bank.

Aliboon 03 Jul 2008, 9:33am

cazjeffries

You're lucky. Where I live, the house prices would have to fall by roughly 1/3 for the mortgage to be the same as the rent (at a 7% interest rate).
I really can't see why people would want to buy when their mortgage is more then (or even the same as) the rent on a similar property-they have all the additional risk just for the mistaken belief that "they own their own home", when in reality the banks own them. It will be interesting to see how repossessions go in the next few years...

Ilovedoggies 03 Jul 2008, 9:34am

100% mortgages were never a good idea and should not have been allowed. When I bought my flat at age 24 I had a 10% deposit. I saved 50% of my gross salary in 1 year for the deposit. That is discipline for you.

pairof2s 03 Jul 2008, 9:45am

Couldn't agree more Superskuller! Its people like Enzyme, clinging to outdated and uniformed notions like "bricks and mortar is the safest place for your money" or "can't lose in the long run with property" etc that have driven the property bubble so high, and there will be a lot of pain to come. If you bought at the top of the cycle (i.e. 2005 onwards) then i suspect it will be many, many years until you get back to par in real terms. If you bought an "average" property in 1989, it was 2002/3 until the property returned to the price you bought it in real terms! I suspect we will see a similar timescale this time.
I made the decision to rent, rather than buy in 2004 on the basis that i paid my landlord a gross yield of less than 5% on a property, and the interest on an interest only mortgage would have been more than the rent. Therefore the only rationale reason to buy would have been the vain hope of further capital gains. These kept coming, which depressed my landlord's yield to the extent that its now around 4-4.5%, whereas when he remortgages his BTL loan he will be paying 7%.
Prices will fall until mortage rates and rental yields realign themselves. In the meantime i am saving money and building up a nice deposit to buy when prices are sensible (and i suspect they will overshoot on the way down because markets generally do!)

Zweiblumen 03 Jul 2008, 9:47am

It makes me smile when innumerate contributors say that more people renting will make rents go up. Why should that be? One additional household renting not only increases demand for rental property by one, it also increases supply of rental property by one. Unless they had previously been living in a cardboard box, of course.

And since this article is about first-time buyers, all this "a house is a home, not an investment" talk is irrelevant. The question for potential FTBs is, "Can I afford a decent home?" Since the answer is "No" for the majority, house prices have quite a way to fall yet. As Cliff rightly points out, the market was inflated by ridiculous mortgages, the like of which we are unlikely to see again for ten years at least. Therefore, logically first-time homes will come down to a price that FTBs can afford with a 10% deposit and a 3.5x salary multiple. Do the math.

SelfDoIt 03 Jul 2008, 9:51am

A 100% mortgage was great for me. As a north american immigrant with huge student loans it enabled me to buy my own place far earlier than I could have by saving. This has been good for the economy because I spent a lot of money doing it up, and good for me because I've put a lot of money into the flat and now have 85% LTV. It is a chicken and egg thing I know, but as a young person starting out 100% mortgage was a real gift. Now that prices are coming back to more sensible levels young people should have such a hard time of it.

Although now that you have tuition fees over here, you are going to have people buying houses later anyway, which will be good for landlords, but bad for the economy as a whole.

19julius52 03 Jul 2008, 10:02am

By withdrawing 100% mortgages, all the banks are doing is transferring risk, away from themselves and onto the individual. If house prices fall - through no fault of the owners - it is the individuals' deposits that are eroded first, while the banks' equity is protected, until the house price fall is greater than the deposit - by which time the individual has lost everything that they had saved and put into the deposit.
This might seem fair - except that it is the banks that have been most responsible for the 'credit crunch' and resultant fall in house prices, through their irresponsible lending policies - designed to make huge profits for shareholders during the 'good years'.
A classic example of the old song "It's the rich what gets the pleasure and the poor what gets the blame (or pain)."

SelfDoIt 03 Jul 2008, 10:34am

I personally think that high income multiples were more to blame for the property bubble than 100% mortgages, but it all helped the bubble grow.

Jbat001 03 Jul 2008, 10:37am

To DIYFIxer

Yeah, right. Everyone was saying that the reason for the housing boom was a chronic shortage of housing supply, and that was what was driving house prices up. If that was true, tell me this - why didn't rents triple between 1998 and 2007 if there was such a terrible shortage of houses?

They didn't, because the bubble was caused by excessively low interest rates, not any particular shortage of stock. It's this condition that has allowed renters to occupy a house more cheaply than an interest only mortgage would allow on an identical property (and not be liable for maintenance either!). Prices, and thus mortgage costs rocketed. Rents rose, but nothing like as quickly.

Going forward, we'll probably see falls of 15-20% this year, and 20% next year as well. Prices will only stop falling when the market has bottomed out and all the forced sellers who can't afford their unremortgageable >100% LTV loans paying SVR at 8.5% puke their properties onto the market at a loss. There's a long way to fall yet before we get to that point.

Enzyme76 03 Jul 2008, 11:03am

If people re-read what I said, I simpley said "a house is a home"
My reference to wasting money on rent/ putting it to good use in YOUR HOME was thing like making the garden nice, building a patio, undating your bathroom, FOR YOU not an investment.
You can not do things like that in rented, it is NOT YOUR HOME!

beachbug 03 Jul 2008, 11:27am

Since when is renting "wasted money"? Just as not everyone wants to go to University, not everyone wants to own a house. Yet there's this perception that there's something wrong with you if you aren't pursuing your "right" to "get on the property ladder". I do wish this very unique British "stigma", for lack of a better word, would die once and for all.

downaswellasup 03 Jul 2008, 11:52am

Enzyme76

"If you have renting (sic) for the past x years, you have still wasted money, that you could have put to good use in YOUR HOME."

I'm afraid you are wrong. You would not be able to put this money to good use (garden, bathroom, etc) as you suggest. You would have spent this money (and more) paying the interest on the (100%) mortgage.

Then when something goes wrong with the bathroom you have to pay (waste money?) to have it repaired rather than call the landlord (or agents) to fix it at their expense.

The "rent is a waste of money" attitude is one of the (many) factors that has driven this housing bubble. Who knows perhaps a reversal of this attitude (say "only a fool would take out a loan to buy a depreciating asset") will be one of the (many) factors which will cause the overshoot at the bottom of this correction!

I jest of course ......?

afisk 03 Jul 2008, 12:37pm

Around 1990 everybody urged me to stop renting and take out a mortgage, so that I wouldn't miss out on the ever-rising trend of house prices. Came the Noughties, and everybody urged me to stop renting and take out a mortgage, so that I wouldn't miss out on the ever-rising trend of house prices. Rent is just one of life's expenses, like food and electricity. For investment, I chose pension funds instead of a mortgage. If you want to buy a house, there's nothing wrong with that; what's wrong is assuming without question that you must buy a house, rather than renting accommodation.

realist2008 03 Jul 2008, 12:38pm

For me the tragedy has been (and still has to unfold) the way in which people who were financially vulnerable have been sold an impossible dream. 100% mortgages were a cynical con trick, on a par with giving free drugs to school kids.

ruggerboy 03 Jul 2008, 12:42pm

Superskuller

Be careful not to make sweeping generalisations! I don't doubt that in some parts of the country rents are cheaper than an equivalent interest-only mortgage. However, where I live (Watford, Herts), rents are still more expensive for my type of property than an equivalent interest-only mortgage - in my case, the interest only element of my mortgage is £600, compared to £850 that I would have to pay in rent for an equivalent property. Given this plus the fact that at the end of the mortgage term I will have an asset, then it still made sense to buy rather than rent.

As ever, the motto "do your own research" should always apply.

Neebour 03 Jul 2008, 12:57pm

I love my home, I own 40% of it and am blimin proud of that. I get a sense of satisfaction from owning my own home, and get a buzz from making overpayments to help reduce the interest accrued. To get on the ladder my first mortgage was 101% back in 2004, they have there place if you are careful and know what you are getting into. I'll grant you rising property prices and luck have helped, but so has being savvy with my pennies.

I don't think I'd get the same satisfaction knowing I was paying someone elses mortgage with rent payments.

downaswellasup 03 Jul 2008, 1:14pm

Are you sure you are comparing like for like ruggerboy?

A quick search of property websites shows plenty of 2/3 bed houses in Watford to rent for £850pcm.

However you claim to be in a property where the interest only element of your mortgage is £600. Now lets assume you got lucky and are on a deal < 5%. Your 100% mortgage would get you c.£150,000 ..... except I can't find any 2 bed houses to buy in Watford for £150,000 or less. Now why is that?

I suspect that actually you have a good deal of equity in your property (for the time being) and you are not taking this into account in your comparison. Am I right? And when your fixed term comes to an end, what will you be paying then? Nearer £850? Oh and of course that arrangement fee as well (but hey, they’ll just add it onto the outstanding amount its not like you actually have to pay, is it?)

RentalBoy 03 Jul 2008, 1:26pm

What no one here has stated is the fact that a combined salary of two or even one very hard working individual offsetting a mortgage will at some time in the future result in very low payments... and one day no payments at all.

The whole idea of owning a property or taking a loan is paying it back. Imagine friends of mine at 35 to 40 yrs have already completed their mortgage repayments and only have to worry about council taxes year in year out.

THAT's WHY YOU BUY A HOME.

Superskuller 03 Jul 2008, 1:35pm

Enzyme76, I've calculated that in my area, people who bought a similar place to mine at the top of the market are paying a £11,000 p.a. premium on an i/o mortgage over those who are renting. Add to that the capital loss due to falling prices and they have paid about 30 grand over the last 12 months for the luxury of being able to do things like " making the garden nice, building a patio, undating your bathroom".

Personally, I just call the letting agent and say "your garden is messy, come and tidy it up while I'm at work".

Ultimately, it's a mindset thing. Some people will always believe the received wisdom whil others will challenge and examine.

chatters100 03 Jul 2008, 1:35pm

Thought I'd jump in on this one with my first post.
I started on the ladder with a 100% mortgage some years back. I now own outright 1 house and am mortgaged for another which I bought recently. Without the 100% mortgage I started with it would have been many more years until I was able to get on the ladder. I think the main thing to consider when making a mortgage application, with or without a deposit, is CAN YOU AFFORD IT. If you do your sums, and they add up, then why not take a 100% mortgage?

bimber 03 Jul 2008, 1:36pm

Ruggerboy, an £850/month rental, assuming a relatively high 7% yield, gives a property price of about £145,000. Given that Nationwide thinks prices have fallen 6.3% year on year, your house would have been worth just under £155,000 12 months ago. If you add almost £10k onto the cost of maintenance and subtract the £3000 differential of mortgage interest over rent, just how much money have you wasted in 12 months by renting? If you want you can include the interest you'd have got from the equity in your home had you sold it.

Will things get any better in the next few years for owners? It's getting incredibly expensive to have the option of putting down a new patio yourself instead of selling up and renting a place that already has one.

Renting is freedom, negative equity is a trap. Even if you currently think you have no plans to move in the next 10 years you could still fall into that trap bbecause of circumstances beyond your control. I don't think the 85% equity quoted above is anywhere near enough to protect the mortgagee. And as for the 100% mortgage that helped them get the house in the first place, well what would the price have been if the highest LTV available was 85%?

Zweiblumen 03 Jul 2008, 3:14pm

And as for the 100% mortgage that helped them get the house in the first place, well what would the price have been if the highest LTV available was 85%?

I think this point bears repeating- thank you for making it, bimber! The only reason people needed a huge mortgage was because of the bubble, and the huge mortgages available themselves inflated the bubble, in a self-reinforcing cycle that was never going to end happily.

The only downside to the withdrawal of 100% mortgages is that those with no savings can't buy property. But then again, is this really a downside when the risk of immediate negative equity leaves them no escape route in case of a problem, such as illness or redundancy, in an economy that may soon hit recession?

downaswellasup 03 Jul 2008, 3:19pm

In a similar vein to the two posts above it would be very interesting to find out what percentage of first time buyers took out a mortgage at above, say, 85% LTV. Perhaps this would give us some sort of starting point to estimate the reduced demand in that sector of the market.

Any ideas where we could find this out, Cliff?

19julius52 03 Jul 2008, 9:29pm

Whatever the rights and wrongs of purchasing on a mortgage, or 'shared-equity', or renting, the consequence of the 'credit crunch' is that fewer houses/flats will be built.
Due to population growth, families splitting up, people living longer and various other factors, the number of new homes required is still increasing faster than the number of homes available.
The result is young people having to live with their parents longer than they should, some people not being able to get married, people having to put off having children until much later than they should and all kinds of negative social consequences.
All because the 'free market' in housing has never managed to deliver as many new homes as council house building did in its heyday, because unless the shareholders in the major house-builders, like Taylor-Wimpey, can see a short-term and excessive return on their investment, they won't invest in housing.

moluki 04 Jul 2008, 7:19am

It is not just about money, we bought a house because we wanted to start a family in a safe secure place. we were sick and tired of moving at the whim of landlords and agents every six months and paying an extortionate rent as well as all the rip off fees etc. We could never put up a shelf or paint a wall the colour we wanted it. At times I had lived in damp and substandard conditions that had been covered up with paint when I moved in and so on. A living hell a lot of the time. I moved 28 times in Brighton and Hove over 18 years! Rarely because I fancied a change! There is no social housing there unless your head has fallen off or worse.

SO, no matter how tough it gets now the mortgage is way cheaper than rent here and we can move when WE want to! It is worth loving our garden and our house looks like OUR house! My kids (and my husband and I) do not suffer from endless moves and we are HAPPY!

DAQ80 04 Jul 2008, 1:13pm

19julius52, what "free market" in housing is this of which you speak? Surely a true free market would actually encourage construction companies to fit lots of dwellings onto land as soon as possible, but this simply isn't possible the way that planning permission works.

On a different note, with regard to buying/renting in general surely it depends on which way the market is going. If the market is rising quickly then it makes sense to buy as quickly as possible, whereas if the market is falling it makes sense to delay because you'll be able to buy the same house for less next year. Unfortunatley these two accentuate the boom/bust in housing, but that's basically how it works. Governments and central banks ought perhaps to be making sure that house price boom/busts aren't as sharp, but that doesn't currently fall within their remit. Perhaps in future it should (despite the theoretical difficulties).

atalayones 04 Jul 2008, 1:16pm

Hi

We have done a silly - we used house equity to pay for a property abroad - now we need to reduce our costs here and the property abroad cant sell so we are possibly in danger of losing both if the rates go up much more. It was instead of a pension because in our 40s it is too late to build up a decent pot. So I would advise anyone against a 100% as if circumstances change like ours have you could lose the lot.

Socks001 04 Jul 2008, 2:23pm

I must admit to being one of the lucky ones... we bought our house in 2002 on a 100% mortgage, on my salary at the time it was impossible to save much... after 3 years we had savings of £1000 in a regular savers account which ended up paying the legal fees etc. Without access to that we would never have got on the property ladder and would still be renting which was something we didn't want to do, and so after 12 years of renting we finally had our own mortgage. We had one which was fairly flexible and with promotions etc we actually had it paid off fairly quickly and owned our own home outright. We were later able to take some of the equity out of our house and use it as a deposit on a rental flat... so someone else is paying the mortgage on that and byt the time we retire there will be a nice little addition to our meagre pensions.

apaityhe1i 06 Jul 2008, 5:40pm

I feel for those people on 100% mortgages, but they're not the only ones at risk. i bought a new build little flat in Jan 2007 with 6% deposit. I love my flat, but in the next couple of years I'd quite something bigger. Had I been clairvoyant/more financially aware, I would have rented and would still have my carefully saved 10k as a deposit for something bigger in a few months time.

But I wasn't so I guess I'm stuck and am not looking forward to the end of my 2 year fixed deal in 2009.

Even more scary - i notice that Nationwide will only offer 75% mortgages on new build flats now. That must be a pretty bad sign?

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