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The Last Housing Crash, Part 2

Cliff D'Arcy

By

Cliff D'Arcy

From the Fool blog

How To Bag A Bargain This Christmas

Published in Property and Home on 25 January 2008

Here's part two of our region-by-region review of the Nineties property slump. Brace yourselves!

In the first part of this article, I looked at how the last property crash panned out across the UK and in six of its twelve regions. For the record, here's how the average price fell over the entire nation:

High/Low

House price (£)

Q2 1989

69,850

Q3 1995

61,115

Difference (£)

-8,735

Change (%)

-12.5

Now let's look at the highs and lows of the remaining six regions:

South East

High/Low

House price (£)

Q1 1989

106,179

Q4 1992

73,556

Difference (£)

-32,623

Change (%)

-30.7

It may come as a surprise to many people in the affluent South East just how steeply prices fell in the last bust. In under four years, prices dropped by more than three-tenths (31%), plunging many homeowners into negative equity (when a property is worth less than the mortgage secured on it). So much for the South East being a safe haven when times are tough!

South West

High/Low

House price (£)

Q1 1989

85,634

Q4 1992

60,522

Difference (£)

-25,112

Change (%)

-29.3

The South West followed an identical path to its neighbour the South East, peaking in early 1989 and bottoming out at the end of 1992. However, house prices fell slightly less in percentage terms, but were still down nearly three-tenths (29%) in the Nineties collapse.

Scotland

Like Northern Ireland, Scotland pretty much avoided the last property plunge. Sure, prices wobbled about a bit throughout the Nineties, but the trend never headed resolutely downwards. For the record, prices declined as follows:

Year

Annual

decline (%)

1992

-3.0

1994

-0.1

1997

-2.1

2000

-4.3

So, Scots managed to avoid the worst of the UK property depression, but this may not happen again this time around.

West Midlands

High/Low

House price (£)

Q2 1989

68,931

Q2 1995

60,441

Difference (£)

-8,490

Change (%)

-12.3

Of all the regions of the UK, the West Midlands most closely reflects the results for the property market as a whole. Prices fell closely in line with the UK average, making this region perhaps the most ‘average' of all during the last crash.

Wales

High/Low

House price (£)

Q1 1990

57,453

Q2 1995

49,674

Difference (£)

-7,779

Change (%)

-13.5

Prices didn't peak in Wales until Spring 1990, and then fell slightly more than the UK as a whole until they began to recover in late 1995. There's nothing remarkable to report here.

Yorkshire & Humberside

High/Low

House price (£)

Q1 1991

55,928

Q3 1995

50,249

Difference (£)

-5,679

Change (%)

-10.2

Lastly, we come to the twelfth of our regions. Yorkshire folk have a well-deserved reputation for financial prudence. This may explains why Y&H it performed much better than any other English region, with prices declining by little more than a tenth (10%).

So, what conclusions can we draw from the above data? All it tells us is that the UK is far from being a single, homogeneous housing market. Regional differences will always prevail, because housing markets are primarily local beasts. Furthermore, this look back at the past doesn't help us to forecast the future. Then again, as Mark Twain is said to have remarked,

"History does not repeat itself, but it does rhyme."

More: Find your ideal mortgage via The Fool | How Often Do House Prices Fall? | House Prices And The Double-Edged Sword

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Comments

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XMFGoogly 28 Jan 2008, 4:58am

Good article. So what should property owners do now? What can they do now? Not much I'd suggest. A house price slump makes it all the more difficult to move up the property ladder, meaning many people will just stay put. That's a bit of a bummer, especially if you have a growing family, but far from the end of the world. Interesting times.

deeplyblue 28 Jan 2008, 5:30am

Could we have a breakdown by property type as well? It would be interesting to see if (for example) the largest houses lost (proportionately) more or less than the "average 3-bed semi (if a 3-bed semi is still the average). What about flats? The other interesting case is to see what, if any, were the differences of the time a house spent on the market before it sells.

DP1111 28 Jan 2008, 9:20am

The last slump was longer and more painful than you suggest. If you adjust for inflation - and there was quite a bit of it around in the early 1990s - then prices fell 33.8 per cent peak to trough. What's more, prices didn't actually trough until January 1996 on the Halifax measure. It's fortunate you didn't look at the 1970s and early 1980s as well, as you'd have missed the two crashes then altogether. While nominal prices for those periods show little evidence of a crash, real prices shrank dramatically.

DP1111 28 Jan 2008, 9:40am

Also, spare a thought for those who bought at the last peak in 1989. Once again, if you adjust for inflation, the Halifax index didn't match its previous top until May 2002!

Ben1972 28 Jan 2008, 10:05am

XMFGoogly suggests a price slump makes it more difficult to move up the ladder. Surely it's the opposite - a drop in prices is the time to move up the ladder, even if you have to take a hit on what you are selling. It's only bad for those who want to downsize or sell up completely.

sharedog 28 Jan 2008, 10:49am

As I made £5000 on a spread bet last month betting against the London Housing Market (ig index) I am firmly in the bear camp. House prices are clearly over priced for one simple reason.... average Joes cant buy average houses. Low interest rates make housing look more affordable, but the cost of the house still has to be paid for, and low interest rates just mean that there is low inflation... so the capital will not be destroyed by inflation... it has to be paid for out of hard cash. The small fall seen in the 1988-1995 ignores the fact that high inflation destroyed the capital value. If inflation remains low, house prices will fall slowly to normal income ratios over 10-15years, as people are slower to drop house prices than inflation destroys the value. This happened in Japan, seeing 70% real term falls. And dont kid your self that its different this time as there " is no more land". Japan has many more people, and much smaller livable area.... it still happened This has happened in Ja

TK421421 28 Jan 2008, 10:57am

Ben1972 couldn't be more right. Climbing the housing ladder is a lot easier when the rungs are closer together. And recent house price rises have been so mental that the only people who'll be in negative equity are likely those who bought any time after this time last year.

whinlatter 29 Jan 2008, 7:53am

I'm afraid you need to stop waiting for someone to make it easy for you to climb on the ladder and ... climb on. If you look at house proces over any serious length of time they steadily increase. If you buy property now then a few years down the line you'll be pleased you did at some point instead of looking at even higher prices and thousands more you've thrown away on rent. Start playing off YOUR loan with your money asap. Invest in land, they aren't building anymore, in fact a proportion of it in the UK is slipping into a permanent water feature - another reason why property (not in a flood plain) will not be falling in price! A for comparisons with Japan, US ... whats the point? You can but a gallon of petrol for 10 pence in america and land is not exactly at a premium is it there, There's billions of acres of wasteland and desert. So wheres the comparison to be drawn. Japan - well, I seem to remember Japan has had some serious ( I mean SERIOUS) financial issues for a long time, and we're not talking a 1/4 percent hike in the base rate. Wasn't it in negative inflation freefall? I just don't see that looking at Japan, seeing something happen, and then drawing the same parallel for the UK is at all relavant.

damsquare 29 Jan 2008, 9:04am

Whinlatter - ever thought yours and others blinkered optimism about the housing market might be part of the cause of the bubble? Shoving unsuspecting ftb's onto the ladder with the 'you'll only regret it if you don't' mentality puts people who can't really afford to buy at great financial risk. Affordability is terrible for FTB's at the mo, and with mortgage lenders finally seeing the fallout from their lending spree (hoping there's no repeat of the US sprial of woe) you'd think they'd learn their lesson and tighten their lending criteria?

Nickolarge 29 Jan 2008, 9:17am

As I said yesterday, I got on the ladder in 1990 and regretted it for ages. I paid over the odds for a place that was too small and could not sell it for any price that would not have swallowed up my deposit on the next house. Luckily the Halifax let me keep it and rent it out while I was also buying my new house. If I had not had the income to be able to do this I would have been stuck.

oswizuk 29 Jan 2008, 10:12am

There is going to be one big difference in the market slide this time around, I'd suggest... Once the tax changes to CGT kick in in April, the people who have supported the market to date - the "buy-to-let" owners - will have a greater incentive to sell off their excess properties into an already weakened market place. The rental yields are no longer sufficient to cover the "interest only" mortgages which have risen fast over the credit-crunch period, and many are going to have to sell their housing stock off to remain solvent. It will be in their interest to wait until April before they sell, (when the CGT rate drops from 40% to 18%) but I foresee a rush of sellers going to market after that...adding to the falling house price problem. As for what to do about it.....? Far too late!! Selling up and moving to rental would have been sensible 9 months ago but, hey, the wonders of hindsight! For now I hold on and wait....and know that by next year, when my son gets married and is house-hunting, he'll face a more realistic pricing regime with a chance to be a first-time buyer.

Sheymoose 29 Jan 2008, 10:33am

The market is much more complex now than it has been for any time in living memory. And that is because of globalisation. The world is getting flatter. Developed countries (like the UK) will find it increasingly difficult to attract or retain higher paying jobs - we just cannot compete! In my opinion no western country will see the kind of growth we have had in the last 20 years. Most will see generally property price adjustment as our dispposable income reduces. We will probably see short growth surges in some of the developing economies. If western European countries have growth at all it will be no more than single figures for many years.

soconnel 29 Jan 2008, 11:00am

Property is more affordable now than it was in 1990 if you take the ratio of average house price to average wage. IMO people cannot get on the housing ladder because a) they want a 3 bed house when they should be looking at a 1 bed flat or b) they are not prepared to forego the brand new car every three years, the foreign holidays, the take-aways and going out etc. Furnish your first property with second hand furniture and most people could afford to take the first step - but you can't have your cake and eat it!

supersol42 29 Jan 2008, 1:26pm

As I recall, it averaged just over 1.5% 12/90 to 12/92

Strebor19 29 Jan 2008, 2:26pm

I remember the last property crash very well, and I accept the figures quoted for the big drops in price from the peak. However I think something is missing from this equation. In 1985 I bought a nice 3 bed Detached property for £42000, and in the next couple of years the value went up to about £50000, then in I think Summer 1988 the value started to jump by about £5000 per Week until the peak when similar propertys had a asking price of £100000 in my road .... Yes a whooping 100% increase in about 6 months, needless to say things were over heating, interest rates went through the roof followed by a big recession in the coming 3 to 4 years. House prices dropped back and when I sold in 1993 I got £70000 for the property. 30% less than the peak value. Generally in line with what is said in this artical. So, the point is between 1985 and 1993 I made a 70% Profit, indeed from Early 1988 to 1993 I made a a %50 profit. In reality the only people who lost out where those that bought in that one Summer when property prices practically doubled. Everyone thought it was crazy and knew it was not realistic. These conditions do not exist today, and for this reason I expect house prices to stay steady, with a few dodgy properties being discounted so suggesting prices have dropped a percentage or two. They will stay stable for a few years until Inflation/Pay rises make morgages easier to get again, when they will again jump 10% or so as the market hots up for a while. It is all about confidence and what is affordable at the end of the day. The ecconomy is not in a bad shape at the moment, good employment, so property is as affordable this year as last. Hence there will be no big drops in Price. Just a small drop in Value due to the effects of inflation. There are lies, dam lies, Percentages and statistics !!! If you are looking to buy a property because you want a home to live in and you can afford it, then buy it, live in it, enjoy it. Throw away the Free property papers and forget the value. Then in 5 years or so when you are ready to move up the ladder, delight in the fact you have a lot more equity than you started with, and if you are on a repayment mortgage will of paid back a good few thousand on the balance as well.

gartons 29 Jan 2008, 2:40pm

Trying to forecast future housing market trends from what happened in the 1990's is a futile exercise. Remember the warning on financial products: Past performance is no guide to the future!

whinlatter 29 Jan 2008, 5:10pm

Apologies for all the typos in my first ever comment. Interesting responses, I enjoyed reading all of those today. Strebor19's situation very similar to mine - I bought a 3 bed semi just beyond the limit of my finances in 1991, had no carpets for 2 years and a portable TV on a packing crate in the lounge covered in newspaper for carpet. However I then rented a room for the next ten years (4 different lodgers, all luckily spot on),which effectively covered the majority of the mortgage. As per Strebor19 I lived in it while my other 24 year old mates carried on renting. They still rent at 39 and have no property, equity or home. I was warned away from the "millstone" of a home at 24, and yes, I was skint for 10 years and drove a crap car, was overdrawn most months just before the salary came in, didnt get to go abroad for a while, but in the end having that house ticking away in the background (admittedly during a period that contained a period of rapid growth), with someone else (the lodger) paying the mortgage, and an endowment ticking away that I then got a pay-back via the FSA from all ended up enabling me to move up the ladder and even buy another property to rent. I put that mostly down to being in my 30's with no kids. Nickolarge, don't follow your point, you seem to be saying property was a mistake but you end up with two properties ? oswizuk - hasn't the chancellor just backpedalled on the CGT changes? Or is it still going to be a flat rate of 18%? I thought he was speaking last week about how thats not after all going to happen and it was just a big funny ha-ha chuckle on the part of the chancellor?

Ben1972 29 Jan 2008, 7:10pm

oswizuk - as I understand it, a lot of BTL owners will have less incentive to sell after April (if the changes do go through). The new 18% only benefits those who have been in the market for a short time - those who haven't would previously had benefited from taper relief and therefore paid less in CGT. As for yields being ruined, all the signs are that rental income is on the up due to increased demand (migration, and yes - the cost of buying right now) and interest rates are going down. So I wouldn't bank on a BTL meltdown just yet. Also - whilst you may view BTL as a bad for this country I am of the opposite view. I remember studying a theory for my economics degree in the early 90's on how the lack of private rental property was a inhibitor to the economy - restricting the movement of labour. I still remember trying to get somewhere to rent when I went hunting for my first job in London in 94 (pre BTL boom) - it was a nightmare - but I certainly wasn't into buying at the time. A healthy supply of rental property (BTL) is good for the economy and good for individuals who need to rent. The market has issues but I agree with strebor19 - it's not about to implode. My personal view is that buying is worth the pain - and as soconnel says, it's about making sacrifices. My parents bought their first house in the 60's - saved for a deposit, bought 2nd hand furniture, used the bus instead of buying a car, went on holiday in the UK (if they went at all), rented half the house out etc etc. I'm not trying to do the "northern gents" scene from Monty Python - simply pointing out that it's never been easy starting out and getting on the ladder; and those that think that is has are deluding themselves (and others). Getting somewhere good to live isn't easy and I don't think times are any different now than they ever have been in that respect. So endeth the sermon - the propery market, like the stock market will survive, if you want it go for it and don't try and time it, and be prepared to be in for the long run with a bit of pain now and then! I'm off for a beer.

LandOfConfusion 30 Jan 2008, 5:00am

Interesting comments, especially from the people who believe that the economy is doing just fine and the BTL'ers are nether a problem or in trouble. From my point of view only a few things are wrong with this: 1. This 'strong' economy is currently being bankrolled by debt just like in the US. Also like in the US, low interest rates have allowed people to acquire more and more debt, including large mortgages. Where has it left them? 2. The current house price to earning ration is somewhere about 9.3. Compare that to the smoothed average of 3.5. 3. There are already signs of trouble. Northern Rock was the first financial institution in nearly 100 years to experience a 'run' by depositors and many other banks have had to make huge write-offs because of excessive lending to unsuitable applicants. As a result of this effective interest rates have increased despite rate cuts by the bank of England. In effect, the BoE has lost control of interest rates (as far as lenders are concerned). 4. And lastly many BTL'ers have used gearing coupled with previously low interest rates to expand their portfolios. In the event of a house price slump - even a small one - many of them will be forced to sell off their assets, perhaps at a discounted price for a quick sale. I wonder what will happen to the housing market in that situation?

stuartpetergraha 30 Jan 2008, 10:46am

There seems to be two debates, firstly are houses a good long term buy and secondly is there a strong chance of a recession. The answer to both seems to me to be yes. A house costs should be measured as Ownership costs (mortgage, repairs and insurance) - renting cost otherwise paid = real cost of buying a house. renting over a five year or greater period, it should be, otherwise don't buy. A recession makes moving up less costly and moving down less financially beneficial for those without sufficent retirement funds. I own a three bedroom house and my wife and two children are happily packed into it. If prices fall enough, I for one will move to a larger house. As I will buy into key blue chip shares if they fall much lower. If there is a mild recession or no real slow down we will save for longer before we move. Houses don't always go up in value, the question is are they worth the extra cost over renting in the capital accumulation and accommodation security they offer. For me they are, if you are buying now at the current prices and use the above formula I would say they are overpriced and recommend renting in a share house and saving very hard for later. The new growth area is Asia, they make things and we open doors. They have surpluses and we have deficits, the money we borrow to buy houses and the goods they made is often lent to us by the same Asians and the Middle Easterners. No Economics degree needed to know our growth rates will slow as theirs increase, so I agree wholeheartedly with the earlier comment growth in house prices will moderate over time. I am a house ownership fan, I like the security and am able to do most DIY myself, so costs are not that great. I have a garage where I repair my own car and a garden where I grow enough vegetables to make my Grandfather (ex-farmer) proud, when he and my Mum taught my wife and I to grow vegetables and garden their smiles where worth more than the holiday forgone to get the deposit. These beneifts must be added to the emotional If there is a recession shoudl be sell, rent and buy back at a discount. There are a couple fo problems to answer first: 1. Transaction costs are high to sell. 2. The recession is not sure or easily judged, excessive time out of the market may result in lost capital gains of none ownership. 3. Renting is at the Landlord discretion and you may move several times, more costs emotionally and financially. 4. Buying costs to return to property ownership will be expensive. On balance if you own a house you are happy with and don't own a recession crystal ball, I doubt if you woudl actually make much money selling, renting and re-buying.

CaesardiRoma 31 Jan 2008, 6:58am

A few quick points - who knows what will really happen in the future, BUT in the early Nineties interest rates were very high to keep us in the ERM, pension plans were still trusted, the cost of moving (stamp duty etc) was much lower, etc - "sellers beware"

FAZERSIX 31 Jan 2008, 11:14am

Everyone seems so negative about property right now, we all need a home and I think its a blip we will see. Go Back to Boom and Bust 80's cause government removing tax relief from both potential property buyers, mirus tax relief for one buyer only, media frienzie a bit like today, headlines late eighties buyers are flocking from the the south to buy up all properties, outcome boom the government steps in interest rate up up up around 16 % housing market bust. In the nottingham area now if a couple borrow 4 times anuual income a house can be purchased no problem, I have no sympathy for buyers loaning above that or the lenders. I still believe the housing market is a temporary problem we all need a home. Housing Rentals Very expensive so that has to be built in, let face it how much would you loose renting a house lets say £750 pcm for 5 years - £45000 down the drain ! Then there's population increase, people living longer,imigration etc. Suppose my other point would be areas are different yet negative comments are general. Finally all financial institutions will recover any loss by charging the rest of us in some way,which makes the credit crunch a fallacy as in the states.

tastyfish2000 31 Jan 2008, 1:33pm

Someone asked, 'what should property owners do now?'. Well, I have a house, I can afford the mortgage. I'll just stay put and do nothing. A house is to live in after all, right?

McLeodC 01 Feb 2008, 1:55pm

I agree with FazerSix - when counting their losses/gains, homeowners must factor in what they would be paying if they did not own their own home - which normally means renting. So Typically, even if your landlord never increased the rent, house prices would need to fall by more than 6.5% per annum, year-on-year, before renting becomes a cheaper option - quite apart from all the other benefits of home ownership. As long as a homeowner is able to sit tight when prices fall over a year or two, owning beats renting every time!

pfinn85100 01 Feb 2008, 8:56pm

As an existing landlord who has been in the business for 14 years, I can see both sides of the arguments. Here are however a couple of points which I hope people will find worthwhile. 1. I can't see where McLeodC gets the 6.5% fall in house prices are required to match renting. Current rentals are averaging around 4.5% (yes some towns are 6-7% but other properties I've seen as low as 2.5%). If you go and take a mortgage of 5.5% and house prices remain flat, then you are 1.0% better renting. Add in the maintenance costs that a landlord must cover, breakdown of appliances, new windows, roof repairs etc etc, then you can probably add on a further 1.0% per annum. So on my various estimates, gathered over the last 15 yrs, you need at least 2-3% house price inflation in order to break-even. 2. House prices look clearly over-valued on a multiple of incomes. I'm not one who believes that 'this time its different'. Even if house prices remain flat for a few years, then based on my first point, renting would make a lot more sense. 3. Is using a multiple of average income appropriate, however? According to research by an international investment house in London, if we go back to 1990, average earnings have clearly not kept up with house prices. However, it isn't average earnings but total household income that is important. Since 1990, many more people now work. In 1990, it was less common for both partners to have a job. Today, if they both work, total household income might be almost double what it was in 1990. In very very simple terms, house prices of 8x average earnings would only be 4x total household income - still over-valued or not?? 4. We miss out on the wealth effect. In the 1950s, few parents owned a home and had little wealth to pass onto children. Today, some lucky individuals get a lump sum inheritance which allows them to pay more for a property they want or to help out children - that again needs to be taken into account when looking at the total amount a household has to spend.

drussl 03 Feb 2008, 6:06pm

I find it amazing the number of people who talk about the press and TV media talking the market down. You just need to look at the number of property TV shows and magazines of the last few years for evidence of how much they have been talking it UP. Location, Location, the Sarah Beeny property development shows, A Place in the Sun, Homes under the Hammer, So You Want to be a Property Deveoper etc etc - need I go on? And don't get me started on the so-called property "experts" wheeled out by the news programmes - almost inevitably these experts are from the Halifax, Nationwide, or an estate agents - all of whom have a vested interest in a rising market. If they predict a "cooling market" or a "soft landing" you can bet they are battening down the hatches behind closed doors. So the small handful of programmes and news items about a possible slump are just going a small way towards addressing the imbalance of years of optimistic cheerleader reporting ("Go Market, Go!"), and they are at last returning some sense of realism to the market. And one comment to XMFGoogly - a housing price slump actually makes it EASIER to move up the housing ladder (so long as you didn't buy at an inflated price just before the slump and are now in negative equity) as it reduces the distance between your current property and the next one up. As a simplistic example, if the price of a one-bed flat is £100k, and a two-bed is £150k, you need to get together another £50k to buy the 2-bed. If prices go up 10%, your flat is now at £110k, and the 2-bed is £165k, meaning that you would now need £55k to make the move - so prices rising have made it even harder to move. But if prices fall by 10%, the flat is now £90k and the 2-bed is £135k, and you now only need to get together £45k to make your move.

almu 04 Feb 2008, 10:30am

If I remember correctly, the boom followed by bust in the late eighties was aggravated by drastic and badly timed changes made by the then chancellor of the exchequer (Lawson, was it?) to the tax relief on mortgages affecting unmarried people entering into partnership to buy a house. The changes were announced in the Budget in April and a delay of 3 months was allowed for completion of sales already agreed. The result, many rushed to initiate and complete house purchase in the interval, driving prices vertically upwards. Lets hope that nothing similar happens in the next few months

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