Britain's Deep Wealth Divide

Published in Investing Strategy on 14 December 2009

How does your wealth stack up against the average Brit?

Last week saw the first publication of one of the most fascinating new areas of research to be carried out by the Office for National Statistics in years. Entitled 'Wealth in Great Britain', it highlights the results of two years of research into household wealth up to the period ending mid-2008.

You may have seen some coverage of it in the press already, focused around a few headline-grabbing figures in the accompanying press release. It's interesting stuff, if a little predictable. The really interesting material is buried much deeper. But first, those headline statistics. 

Deep divides

Household net wealth totals £9 trillion, apparently (or at least, did so up to mid-2008), with the average household worth £204,500 -- made up of property, financial assets, physical goods such as antiques, and pension savings.

The average household, though, is a somewhat nebulous concept. Peer more closely, and it turns out that the least wealthy half of households accounted for only 9% of total wealth, while the wealthiest 20% of households had 62% of it. Furthermore, the least wealthy 10% of households had negative total net wealth -- in other words, they were net debtors.

And you won't be surprised to learn that the wealthiest part of the country was the South East of England, with a median household wealth of £287,900. The area with the lowest median level of wealth, meanwhile, was Scotland, where median wealth was a paltry £150,600.

Finally, wealth varied by academic qualification. Those households headed by someone with a degree or above had the highest median total wealth of £400,200. The 'no qualifications' group was the least wealthy with a median of £105,100.

The employment status of the household head also affected the distribution of total household wealth. The wealthiest group was that of households headed by a self‑employed person, with a median of £283,200. The second highest category was retired households, with a median of £268,600. Employee‑headed households had median wealth of £217,500.

Pension pots and antiques

So far, so unexceptional. What's a little more interesting is what all that wealth was made up of. Here, the headline figures are surprising. Property is 39% of it, with private pension investments making up another 39%. Physical goods as stores of wealth -- vintage cars, antiques and similar collectibles -- made up 11% of wealth. Net financial assets made up 11% of wealth, too.

So, on average, many Britons have less of their net worth tied up in property than is popularly supposed. And despite all the talk about how Britons aren't saving for their retirement, it turns out that they have got private pension pots just as large as the equity in their homes. And the proportion tied up in physical assets was eye-opening, too: that's an awful lot of antiques in Acacia Avenue.

Which leaves the 11% of wealth represented by net financial assets. (Net, by the way, because assets are first 'netted-off' against households' debts and mortgage arrears, if any.) And I think many Fools will be surprised -- if not shocked -- by some of the figures that lie behind that particular element of household wealth.

Financial assets

First, the distribution of ownership of net financial wealth is more unequal than that of net property wealth and physical wealth. As the report puts it, "Median values of financial wealth in 2006/08 were much lower than mean values, indicating a skewed distribution."

Half of all households in Britain had gross financial wealth of £7,200 or less and net financial wealth of £5,200 or less. The analysis also shows that 25% of households had net financial wealth that was negligible: a large number of households at the lower end of the distribution, for instance, had negligible, zero or even negative net financial wealth. The median level of net financial wealth, overall, was £5,200.

How is that wealth held? Bank accounts were the most widely used store of financial wealth, held by 92% households. Savings accounts were also popular, and held by an estimated 62% of households. The mean value held in households' savings accounts was £18,300 -- a hefty sum. However, 50% of households with savings accounts had £3,500 or less in their account and 25% had £500 or less.

ISAs were the third most popular form of financial asset: overall, 42% of households had ISAs, with 36% having a cash ISA and 10% having a stocks and shares ISA. (These figures do not sum to 42% because some households had both.) The median value of these ISAs was £7,000 -- double that of savings accounts. And while the mean amount held by households within stocks and shares ISAs was £27,800, the median amount was £15,000, more than double the median amount in cash ISAs (£6,000).

Just 15% of households in Britain owned UK shares directly, outside an ISA wrapper. The mean value of the UK shares that they held was £24,000 -- but 50% of households who owned UK shares had holdings of £4,000 or less.

How do you compare?

So there we have it. The typical household prefers (predictably enough) to hold stocks and shares with a stocks and share ISA, with the median holding being £15,000. Shares were also held directly, with the median value here being £4000 or less.

How does your household compare? At Chateau Wheatley, I'm happy to say, as much as possible of our investment wealth is enshrined within an ISA wrapper, and our investments exceed both mean and median levels by a comfortable margin. Many Fools, I imagine, can report the same.

But overall, several aspects of this research are disturbing or worrying. I'm startled that so many people have so little net financial worth -- and in 2006-2008, to boot, when times were better.

I was also, I suppose, startled at how skewed this distribution of wealth was. So many people, it seems, are just one pay cheque away from disaster -- and would appear to have few prospects of the comfortable old age that they are doubtless hoping for.

And finally, I was more grateful than ever to be a small part of the Motley Fool. I know for a fact that if it were not for nearly ten years here, my own net financial worth would be substantially lower than it is today.

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Comments

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BarrenFluffit 14 Dec 2009 , 12:37pm

The scale of figures at the bottom end seems hard to believe. I can imagine that those recieving benefits and working might understate their assets. Interesting.

LastChip 14 Dec 2009 , 12:46pm

The only thing I find surprising about this article, is that you find the results surprising.

I've been saying for years, many people in this country live from week to week, dare not go sick and can't possibly afford to switch from weekly pay to monthly. That's reality!

I come into contact with just a few of the hundreds of thousands in that position. It is exactly for that reason, when the Fool, or more recently LoveMoney, talk about saving for pensions (or even anything), for many it's an impossible dream.

Time to come out of your cosseted world and see Great Britain for what it is. No longer Great, but a third world nation scamming others into believing otherwise.

That is just one of the reasons I find these excessive bonuses (in whatever industry) so obscene. There are people seriously struggling, and all we can talk about is paying whoever £1.5m bonus. They're 'aving a laugh!

The truth is, in spite of New Labour sound-bites, there are the rich, the middle classes and the poor. It's always been that way and nothing has changed. Furthermore, it is not in the politicians interest to change anything. They need the workers on the minimum wage to make the country run.

They are simply slaves without chains!

BarrenFluffit 14 Dec 2009 , 1:16pm

"Half of all households in Britain had gross financial wealth of £7,200 or less and net financial wealth of £5,200 or less."
Thats about 12 million households. Which is a lot more than hundreds of thousands.

LastChip 14 Dec 2009 , 1:30pm

Quite so BarrenFluffit, but I'm talking about people down to their last 50p come pay day and the only reason they get home, is because they bought a weekly bus ticket soon after they were last paid.

johncolescarr 14 Dec 2009 , 2:05pm

I do not entirely agree with LastChip with regards to Britain being a 3rd world nation.

Britain has an abysmal debt record not through lack of opportunity but simply though lack of education. In short, many people in the UK simply live beyond their means. I have some wealthy friends and some not so wealth friends who earn an awful lot less and have many more overheads, such as children, and what separates those who live within their means (and subsequently build up safety reserves of cash/pensions) is not their income, but their attitudes. I know some families who have an annual income many times the national average but find it hard to make ends meet every month (although many have expensive cars on credit and designer clothes) and others who have significantly less income and through prudent living have built secure and prosperous futures for themselves. Financial education in this county is non existent, yet we still wonder why people are unable to even budget. The road to financial wealth and prosperity is complex and needs teaching. I only learned the hard way though credit card debts and loans (and getting down to my last few quid) I came from a poor background and funded myself entirely though University (4 years ago). There was all the support I needed out there, all that was required from me was determination and a sensible choice of University degree that had something to offer to employers.

We live in a wealthy prosperous nation; to all those who thing the UK is a poor place to live, go and try Bangladesh or similar 3rd world nation, I am sure you will soon realise that the UK is not such a terrible place after all.

bimber 14 Dec 2009 , 2:07pm

"Half of all households in Britain had gross financial wealth of £7,200 or less"

With capital gains tax kicking in above £10,200 (IIRC) you'd need a large investment (or exceptional returns or very poor planning) if you are to be caught. If 50% of households are nowhere near this then are ISAs merely a way of shifting the tax burden from the rich to the poor?

supasap 14 Dec 2009 , 2:58pm

johncolescarr has a point, me and my partner live below our means and have saved for years, our net wealth is high and it needs to be because we want to be able to do stuff when we retire. I drive an old but functional mondeo and buy clothes from Matalan and Primark. However, my partner's brother's nuclear family is headed by both working parents and two children and they seem to be what I call sheer victims of the capitalist / materialistic machine - they live in a worse house but have a newer car, they buy designer clothes and have the latest and greates mobile phones and gadgets including a plasma tv which is disproportionate to their lounge...... they are regularly overdrawn and have zero savings.... it is about attitudes and for them they want to be seen in clothes with big labels even when they can't afford to. When I ask them about their future and pension planning they retort that they may not live that long. There are many on the bottom that have low incomes but many waste their money on unnecessary luxuries. The very rich can afford to live well and in the future, I choose to live carefully but adequately knowing that I will still be able to do once I pack in work, others live for today as if deferring gratification is a waste of time and effort.

Fabius1 15 Dec 2009 , 12:21am

JohnC - Couldn't agree more. I also think the safety net, be it the government bale out, the welfare state, or the local charity has, over the years, promoted a false sense of security. I have lost count of the number of people I have encountered over the years who seem to have abandoned the art of common sense and have convinced themselves that someone somewhere will always pick up the tab. Sad thing is, it hasn't always been this way. I know old folk who won't even let you help them out of the car, they just have too much pride and a sense of independence. It used to be called backbone but it's a touchy feely subject these days which I believe is actively discouraged!

shikisha 15 Dec 2009 , 1:00pm

Third world? An international financial weekly that I read regularly gives high grade comparisons of crucial aspects of national policy and achievemen. Copyright prevents me from printing their charts, but here are some of the conclusions reached within the last year.

Of the countries of the EU and relative to population:

UK has highest the number of children living in families with no-one in work.

It has the highest number of teen-age pregnancies.

The UK has the lowest state pension and the lowest unemployment pay.

It has the lowest percentage of 16-20 year-olds in higher education.

It has the highest number of teen-age murders.

In a wider survey UK children are the least happy.

In another area a professor at a London University reported that for spelling and grammar his overseas students are better than those from the UK who have difficulty writing coherent essays.

shikisha 15 Dec 2009 , 1:16pm

Of those in work some are highly rewarded - and I don't mean lawyers or bankers.

The train-drivers who recently struck leaving hundreds of thousand of commuters struggling to get to work had a salary of 38k a year, £730 for a 35-hour 4-day week; Sunday work is entirely voluntary - for a much higher hourly rate. They and their families also have free rail travel.

shikisha 15 Dec 2009 , 1:25pm

Sorry to come back again, but each post is on a different aspect.
The Audit Commission put an advertisement in the Guardian for a researcher based in London. the job carried London Weighting of £105 a week extra to the salary. This is greater than the basic male pension will be after the much-trumpeted increase promised for next April ( wiped out anyway by the rise in VAT). At least a million male pensioners also live in London with no London Weighting.

Ginger125 15 Dec 2009 , 3:06pm

We live in a UK society where if you spend everything you earn as you earn it you can rely on social benefits when you retire, lose your job, or are taken sick. I know it is not much but remember it is paid for by all those that have saved for their retirement or a rainy day. If the savers suffer job loss, sickness or retire they will have to spend almost everything they have saved before they qualify for State handouts. Can you wonder why so many adopt the spend it now and blow the future philosophy. I only wish I knew how the change their attitudes without allowing them to starve to death.

supasap 15 Dec 2009 , 3:12pm

shikisha - very sad to read that our children are sadder than other Europeans - I have to say that looking back on my school days it was a real battle for survival dodging the nasties in the class and playground and avoiding the wrath of the darkly sarcastic teachers - it was as if you were being prepared for prison not for civil society - I like to think things have changed but maybe not

circularrobins 15 Dec 2009 , 7:39pm

I, too, agree with johncolescarr, supasap, Fabius1 and Ginger125. I've just been to view a property; its price was reduced by over 22k because it's been on the market for six months without an offer. The young owners bought it just over three years ago for 128k on a 125% mortgage and had been trying to sell it at a price to the buyer not significantly under 200k, taking into account stamp duty, legals etc. Now they "can't" sell for less than the original mortgage. What planet are they living on? My offer of 115k on a slightly bigger flat was accepted with alacrity.

luccombe 15 Dec 2009 , 8:05pm

I am not sure that this report indicates an unfair distribution, it possible indictes that wealth is actually more evenly distributed than one migh expect, given the size of the population one would expect Pareto's Law (the 80/20 rule for those who failed O level maths) we would expect that 10% of households owned 50% of the wealth, 20% owned 80% of the stuff and that a full 50% of the population would own 5%. The fact that the distribution is flatter than this is a tribute to our redistributive society.

Yorkstyke 15 Dec 2009 , 8:07pm

"average household worth £204,500 -- made up of property, financial assets, physical goods such as antiques, and pension savings."
and
"private pension investments making up another 39%."

This suggests that the average private pension investment is £79755 (39% of £204500).

This cannot be counted as £79755 of personal wealth as it will have to be used at some stage to buy an annuity which at current rates will produce about £5500 per annum which will prove to be a rude awakening for anyone taking comfort frrom this article.

yautong 15 Dec 2009 , 9:22pm

Interesting article. It would also be interesting to see the distribution either side of the median. Top 1% wealth, top 10%. top 25%. bottom 25%, bottom 5% and bottom 1%.

guykguard 15 Dec 2009 , 11:07pm

The final chapter of one of the most influential books of the 20th century begins:
"The outstanding faults of the economic society in which we live are its failure to provide for full employment and its arbitrary and inequitable distribution of wealth and incomes."

It is said that, when Queen Victoria asked Lord Melbourne for his views on extending education to the poor, the Prime Minister replied: "Why bother the poor? Leave them alone."

The book referred to above is The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money by John Maynard Keynes, published by Macmillan in February 1936.

In economics it usually takes about 100 years for common sense to become common practice . As for the poor, theirs is the kingdom of heaven, provided they're poor in spirit.

RobinnBanks 16 Dec 2009 , 12:58am

No mention of Fred the Shred and his fat-cat bankers: they must skew the figures too much!

shikisha 16 Dec 2009 , 2:42pm

How refreshing to see a mention of JM Keynes's book, that has become a financial bible for many, but not all,. economists. You may have noticed that Paul Samuelson another, but different authority, has just died. But have you also noticed that The Economist has started a weekly column under the name Schumpeter, another highly influential figurer who was critical of Keynes's ideas. His watchword was creative destruction - when enterprises fail, let them, something better and innovative will arise. The government's failure to follow this principle has been disastrously expensive. We suffer, I think, from another economic theory at the moment, neo-classical economics as advocated by Ed Balls, the force behind Brown's blinkered management as Chancellor. You may recall ' neoclassical endogenous growth theory' that Brown mouthed liked a mantra, without, I suspect, fully grasping what it meant. Balls was utterly dazzled by the flood of money from the City that powered the boom in housing, finance and services. These are withering without any thought given to a replacement - in fact the inept vote-catching attacks on the 'rich' will tend to kill of what remains. With apologies to Hilaire Belloc:

It is the duty of the wealthy man
To give employment to the artisan

But if you drive away the wealthy men
Who pays the artisan his wages then?

gordonbanks42 17 Dec 2009 , 7:28pm

luccombe:

Pareto's law is not, and as far as I know never has been, part of the GCSE Maths syllabus, O-Level or any of its predecessors. It is an observation about distributions found in social and natural systems, and has nothing to do with Maths per se. You might properly find it in an Economics, social science or business management course.

bimber 18 Dec 2009 , 2:31am

That thing about wealthy men and artisans reminds me of Peter Schiff's analogy for the global economy. He compared it to an island on which five Asians and one American have been stranded. The castaways get hungry and devise a system in which the Asians divide up the work of hunting, farming, cooking, preparing, and serving the food, while the American is assigned the job of eating.

The American is the rich man. By claiming ownership of the means of production (or in this case, the source of the money) he can provide work for the artisans, but his net contribution is negative. To answer Belloc, if they chased him away, they'd pay their own wages and have more to eat.

Perhaps that analogy is lacking because some rich people have created real wealth. Or have they? If the American found iron ores on the island he might decide to use it for a socially beneficial purpose, or to leave it in the ground if no purpose can be found immediately. He might also try to convince the islanders that women won't want to touch their faces if their razors have only 3 blades. Then he can employ the islanders to extract the ore, make it into 4-blade disposable razors, use them each for a month and bury them elsewhere on the island. He will call this wealth creation and expect the islanders to feed him because of it.

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