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Stearns Goes Pear Shaped...Who's Next?

David Stevenson
By David Stevenson | 17 March 2008

It had to happen.

The US version of Northern Rock. Sort of.

For days, investors and central bankers had become ever more nervous about the collateral damage from both subprime shocks and credit market constipation on financial institutions.

And now Bear Stearns, the fifth-largest US securities firm, has been forced into a Fed (US Federal Reserve) funded bailout.

Leaving the big question on everyone's lips: Who's Next?

Regular readers are probably bored to tears with my ongoing salvo of articles about mangled American mortgage providers and failed hedge funds.

Until now, these stories may have seemed sufficiently distant for us not to need to worry too much. Even though the arcane world of complex financial products has periodically escaped from its lair in the money section onto the front page of the paper, for many this is just a temporary aberration.

Though when banks in the planet's biggest economy start going bust, the UK general public can be forgiven for getting more than a bit worried.

Short term, the problem has been solved by JPMorgan Chase taking over Bear Stearns for $2 per share, a 93% discount to Friday's closing price, and taking on $30bn of Bear's mortgage-backed securities, all funded by the US central bank. And the Fed has cut the discount rate, at which it lends to banks, by 0.25% to 3.25%.

Stearns suffered some $17bn in customer withdrawals last week, according to Bloomberg, so only direct Fed action could save it.

But Stearns isn't the only big name US bank in trouble. And such a massively discounted bailout has fuelled fears that the Bear balance sheet is completely shot to bits, with the likelihood that other institutions could be in a similar state.

So who's next on the list?

I'll be monitoring some of those companies that are already in the guano, like Citigroup, as well as keeping a weather eye on imminent earnings announcements. On Tuesday, it's Goldman Sachs' turn. The investment banking grandee is widely expected to ‘fess up to a 50% fall in first quarter earnings and a write-down of $3bn. Morgan Stanley reports on Wednesday.

Yet the word on Wall Street is that Lehman Brothers could be the one. The shares are already down 25% in early trading. Lehman has a large fixed-income business and was a major player in the mortgage-backed securities market. Last week, the cost of buying credit insurance on Lehman jumped to a record high.

If this all develops into a big-style banking crisis, there will be many knock-on effects. Counterparty risk, i.e. the chance of the chap on the other side of the trade not being able to settle the deal, becomes almost the main consideration. Imagine backing the Grand National winner, then discovering the bookie can't pay up because he's run out of money.

Markets are in danger of freezing up completely.

And what happens then? Everyone dashes for cash.

Lenders are already demanding that borrowers either put up more collateral to secure their loans, or cut debts by selling assets. It's like there's a giant margin call on a heavily indebted US financial system. And any asset that can be sold, may have to be.

That could include shares in London. The FTA All Share index is now selling on a 4% yield for the first time since the lows of the post-dotcom bubble. Historically, something of a ‘buy' signal, you might think.

Maybe it is. But with risk levels rising rapidly, it's a brave man who ploughs his ‘hard-earned' into the stock market right now.

Note that the UK's ‘jitters' barometer, 3-month LIBOR (the London interbank offered rate at which banks lend to each other), reached 5.96% today. That's the highest since the panic when the Crock hit the rocks. Watch this space!

Of course, whichever financial institution fails next, the biggest losers everywhere, including here in Britain, will be consumers.

Interest rates may be dropping, but inflation is in danger of running out of control. And banks badly scarred by all their loan losses are going to be very reluctant to lend money to anyone who really needs the stuff.

Never is the famous old adage likely to be more apposite: "When it's sunny, the banks will happily offer you umbrellas; when it starts to rain, they'll soon take them away again".

More: Why I'm Fed Up With The US | Dramatic Stuff From The States...

Comments

The opinions expressed here are those of the individual writers and are not representative of The Motley Fool.

At 18:16 on March 17 2008, porters5 said:

JPMorgan shareholders don't seem to think Bear was worth $2 - rather at least $3 - $4. So who is right, the speculators playing with credit default insurance and betting on a big banking freeze, or the people now buying banks at bargain basement prices?

At 05:07 on March 18 2008, beastofbodmin said:

I wonder who got to look at Bear Stearn's books? I expect BS just had to do something to raise capital but their debt ratio was too high when the squeeze started.

It surprises me that large financial institutions are allowed by the regulators to get themselves into stupid situations like this. It is also surprising that, as an institution that should be interested in its own survival, BS got into that position in the first place.

At 06:20 on March 18 2008, z4man said:

I think JPM is a winner buying BS. JPM is looking beyond the credit crunch-and there will be such a time. Seems like the market agrees as JPM's shares were up 10% yesterday.

At 08:08 on March 18 2008, BrianLavers said:

Does anyone think our banks like Barclays & Lloydstsb are at similar risk?

At 08:35 on March 18 2008, Terrapin1 said:

I am stunned at the lack of regulation- organisations like PRMIA are there to help provide education-but perhaps the banks spent their money on TV ads and a few glittery baubles

At 08:50 on March 18 2008, artdealer said:

Interesting point about our banks above. I saw that Barclays have a far greater exposure to the Sub Prime losses than Lloyds TSB, but last year our banks provided large amounts to cover this in their accounts. The question seems to be was it enough money? After all the people who didn't even see this coming seem to have no idea how big the black hole actually is.

Bear Stearnes obviously had a bit more going for it than Northern Rock, as the BofE could have funded a similar discounted buy out last year.

Finally, are the traders who have made a fortune in bonuses now being asked to pay them back - yeah right!

At 08:54 on March 18 2008, bouncingbanker88 said:

Don't think JPM will necessarily be the winner here. Given JPM's exposure to BS, it was cheaper to buy BS than let them default.

At 09:25 on March 18 2008, ss770640 said:

this is long overdue and entirely the banks fault. how you couldnt notice billions of default payments i do not know. i'm just worried about my cash being held by uk banks. am thinking of splitting it up into £35k per bank. the max amount insured by law per bank.

At 10:15 on March 18 2008, bouleversee said:

We are on the point of selling our (rather valuable) house, on which we have no mortgage and going into rental. Dare we go through with this? What on earth would we do with the money? Perhaps we should put the whole lot into Northern Rock if it's now safe. We have never been in debt and have done our best to save enough for our old age, which is now upon us, only to find our pension has not lived up to expectations and our share portfolio is down over 50% on last year. What does regulation amount to? I find it extraordinary that very dodgy mortgages can be sold to people unable to pay and then these are packaged up and sold on to other financial institutions and that totally innocent people should bear the brunt. The people who sell these should be forced to keep them on their own books and take the risk and not allowed to sell them on in some other guise. And who were the idiots who bought them? They must be bonkers. Why should we suffer for the greed of others?

At 10:39 on March 18 2008, dprodr said:

I find it incredible the way in which central banks are just intervening to bail out bad decisions.
I thought central banks were initiated to avoid this kind of thing?
Unsurprising that JP Morgan got Fed funding for this bargain purchase - JP Morgan was one of the founders of the Federal Reserve in the early 20th century.
A documentary called "The Creature From Jekyll Island" takes an interesting alternative view. You can listen to it on YouTube.
It certainly makes sense of why the Fed is throwing money left right and centre, dropping interest rates, and why Mr Bernanke seems intent on destroying the American economy and the dollar.

At 11:14 on March 18 2008, Hardtruth said:

Why the surprise? It's all one big self serving club. The regulators are the "bent coppers" overseeing the gangsters. The central banks are the foxes watching over the hen house. It is only a few short months since the Kristal and bonuses were flowing like water through a sieve with this around the corner and no one saw it??! Like deckchairs on the Titanic only the bankers already have their life boats reserved with their cash replete suitcases already nestled under the tarpaulin.

At 11:18 on March 18 2008, paygate said:

bouleversee,

"Why should we suffer for the greed of others?" I find your comment rather ironic. It is because of this greed that your house is now rather valuable. The major concern for the UK, given the credit crunch, is not the banks but the housing market. The sector is sitting on a potential time bomb.

Like you I am placing my house on the market in April and will move into rental accommodation. The problem is, if the credit crunch gets worse, so will many others who are sitting on plump property profits. Already, in my South of England area, there is a glut of properties and few are selling. There is a stand-off between potential buyers and estate agents. The latter have no desire to dramatically drop prices, while buyers have no desire to buy at, what they now perceive to be, over-inflated prices. Who will win this stand-off?

As a seller, are we in a position already of, take whatever offer comes along? Or in 6 months time, when confidence returns to the market, buyers will be happy to pay the present ridiculously over-inflated prices?

My estate agent is not a happy man. He realises the sector faces a very difficult year. And the only way not to cause a housing panic is to stay firm, price-wise, and expect far fewer sales. I wish you every good luck in selling your valuable house. We both may need some.

At 11:55 on March 18 2008, Karada said:

The big problem is that the banks are just printing more paper - effectively increasing borrowings to support bad debts. This has to be a recipe for future disaster. The greed of the Banks for greater profits has to be to blame. Things have a habit of coming back to bite!
At the moment the biggest risk must be the Credit Card companies. They must be over-stretched with 3 trillion pounds of borrowings, which is why they are cutting credit limits, closing accounts and taking serious measures to reduce exposure as there is a lot of sub-prime borrowing there.
That reminds me I must reclaim my illegal charges before they go bust!!

At 13:14 on March 18 2008, teecee90 said:

"...it's a brave man who ploughs his ‘hard-earned' into the stock market right now...."

Fortune favours the brave. Now is an excellent time to invest.....why wait until prices recover, thats just dumb!

At 14:34 on March 18 2008, dominicmessenger said:

beastofbodmin,
"It surprises me that large financial institutions are allowed by the regulators to get themselves into stupid situations like this."
True, but whilst the regulators grapple with simple issues on the left, the market finds ways to avoid it on the right. That's the only way they can make money.
The credit crunch is like this: there is a bad batch of eggs infested with Salmonella (high-risk sub-prime loans) that gets mixed in with good eggs (prime loans), freeze-dried, used by manufacturers to make everything from cakes to milkshakes, checked by food standards (ratings agencies) and then distributed across the world. Now people start dying - and there is no way to trace where the virus came from, so no way to know what is diseased and what is not. Customers (the banks) stop buying all food, just in case.
MBSs have been packaged then unpackaged and sold on so many times, no-one has any idea what exposure they have. Every MBS is suspect and notionally worth $0. BS bought MBSs and now nobody wants to buy them.

I blame the ratings agencies for falling asleep whilst on duty. If they had been more vigilant then the MBSs would have been priced more accurately for risk, and there would have been an audit trail.

At 17:10 on March 18 2008, paygate said:

teecee90,

"Fortune favours the brave."

Say that to a friend of mine who during the Tech crash told me that ARM Holdings was cheap at 500p and bought £20ks worth. Say that to another colleague who thought Marconi was cheap at 100p and Baltimore at 300p. Even a few months ago, no-one believed that Barclays would drop below 400p. Some investors have been averaging down since the sp hit close to 800p!

Fortune does not favour the brave. It disfavours the greedy, the impatient and the stupid. In these present volatile and uncertain waters, the question is, "How do you make a small fortune?" Answer, "Start with a big one!"

At 17:29 on March 18 2008, teecee90 said:

paygate,

"Say that to a friend of mine who during the Tech crash told me that ARM Holdings was cheap..."

We can all quote examples of greedy, impatient and stupid people coming a cropper on individual share picks (particularly during the dot.com period). My point was simply that the "market" is very cheap at the moment, which is always a good time to invest. Selling when the market is declining and buying when it has recovered is not very foolish. There are a lot of lemmings around at the moment.

At 20:36 on March 18 2008, paygate said:

teecee90,

"the "market" is very cheap at the moment, which is always a good time to invest."

That is my point. You may think the market is cheap now but in 6 months time, share prices could have halved again from these levels. No-one can predict the future and the temptation to 'bottom fish' has a history of financial ruin. AIM stocks were cheap 4 months ago. They are now even cheaper today. These stocks may be even cheaper in another 4 months. Who is to know?

Is it not more sensible to sit back and wait until confidence returns to the market? Okay, you may miss the first 10% of gains, but surely this is a lot safer than buying a perceived 'cheap stock' now only to see it drop a further 50%?

At 08:57 on March 19 2008, swapaplease1 said:

Guys ... the whole thing is a pack of cards ... where does all this 'wealth' come from and when does it end?

How long can the 'underclasses' support the governments of the world... extacting the worlds base resources exploiting 3rd world labour adding 'designer' value based on some hyped up, twisted, media based, drug crazed, air brushed celebrity icon and gift wrapping it in a pretty packages, and then selling it to the less well endowed - BOOM! Pure greed and exploitation of the masses!

Check out the kids dumped in eastern european block countries and war torn Africa on... maybe watch the film 'Blood Diamonds' and then contrast and compare the very DIFFICULT situation we find ourselves in - how would 80% of the worlds population get this.... how share prices dipped and house prices dropped and ... and ... and inflation and unemployement ... so we lose a few pounds here and there ... big deal!

HOW FRAGILE is this pack of cards....

What would happen if 50% of in the states withdrew all their savings in cash from all the banks say next Tuesday & then cancelled all their direct debits.... comments on a postcard please!

At 09:38 on March 19 2008, teecee90 said:

I just think there are far too many doom and gloom merchants around at the moment. The markets will always go through difficult periods, but anyone with a diverse portfolio and regular investment strategy should not be too worried. Most of the falls are in my view down to negative sentiment rather than any real meltdown in the fundamentals of the market and taking a contrarian approach is often a good strategy in my view. Im not saying that one off investors should necessarily take a punt, just that regular investors shouldn't start putting any more or less of their "hard earned" into equities at the moment just because the lemmings are jumping ship.

At 23:22 on March 19 2008, Beagle2Mars said:

Er ... buy in a falling market - what's this if not a falling market? As an example, I've been buying Barclays shares and every time I do I get more for my money! The bank has not become unbalanced because of the suprime exposure; it has other ways of making money. And the dividend is 22.5p. Besides Foolish people know that you only lose money when you sell. I'm in it for the three to five years.

I just saw an article in The Times dated December 1986 where it talked about marketmakers being very jittery and the FRM market (whatever that is) bouncing and how they couldn't see that it was going to make money in their lifetime! Let me think where I've heard that ...

To Bouleversee please do not put all your money in Northern Rock. Just because the government says this month that they will guarantee your money doesn't mean that next month they won't change their minds. And yes £35k chunks may be a good idea.
The people who made money in the last slump were those buying where everyone else was fleeing. I just need to make more money so that I can put it in the stockmarket.

At 10:04 on March 20 2008, bouleversee said:

Paygate may like to know that the offer we have accepted for our house, which may yet fall through, was ll% less than the offer we accepted last June, which fell through just before Christmas. If this one falls through I am going to forget about the whole thing for a couple of years till things have settled down. It is not a particularly good offer but things may get even worse. We have been here since 1973 and are selling because we are old and find the maintenance, esp. the very large garden (which can't be built on) very expensive and we need a smaller, single storey property and we need to increase our income. How we do this safely, I still don't know. We have now seen something we would like to buy but have had to offer the guide price to get an offer accepted. We are probably getting too little and paying too much but I'm sick of the whole business and was dreading going into rental. Good luck with your sale; hope you do better than we have done.

At 19:15 on March 20 2008, paygate said:

bouleversee,

How frustrating for you. The silver lining is that since buying your house in 1973, its value has gone up immeasurably, so even an 11% loss from the previous offer is little compared to the existing profit made.

Anyone who sells their house in the present financial uncertainty has done well. In fact, you are in a strong position now as a potential purchaser. So, I hope your sale goes through.

As to renting, the market is very strong I'm told. My local letting agent is inundated with 'rentees', as the vast majority who have sold their properties are seeking to rent for the time being. Some properties are being rented out just hours after coming onto the market.

As for where to place your money, find banks which have not been exposed to the subprime debacle and don't borrow heavily. My savings are in two overseas banks, The Icelandic Landsbanki (Icesave) and the Indian ICCI (Hisave). Both offer interest rates of over 6%. The sensible thing is not to place more than £35k into each bank, as by law, you are insured for up to this sum if the company goes bust.

Being an optimist, I feel the present credit crunch will correct itself, but it may take some time. Both the property and stock markets should enjoy a better second half of the year. Let us hope so.

At 18:58 on March 28 2008, FAZERSIX said:

To SS770640 ----- I agree and am doing that right now, my latest account opened is at the Coventry, as you say £35k is safe under FSA ruling.

I wish I could sell my house as quick as move money lol.

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