Only mass clearouts will restore faith in banks.
The last few days have been terrible for British bank Barclays (LSE: BARC) and its shareholders.
Marcus Agius, sacrificial lamb
After admitting to rigging key interest rate Libor (the London Interbank Offered Rate) between 2005 and 2009, Barclays coughed up £290 million ($450 million) in fines to UK and US regulators. However, this rate-rigging scandal will not end there, as 20 other banks remain under investigation by 10 different regulators around the world.
However, in order to restore confidence in Barclays and its staff, chairman Marcus Agius resigned on Sunday evening. In a serious mea culpa issued to the stock market on Monday morning, Agius confirmed his departure from the board of Barclays, admitting:
"...Last week's events -- evidencing as they do unacceptable standards of behaviour within the bank -- have dealt a devastating blow to Barclays' reputation. As Chairman, I am the ultimate guardian of the bank's reputation. Accordingly, the buck stops with me and I must acknowledge responsibility by standing aside."
Agius, a widely admired leader who is 65 and has been Barclays' chairman since January 2007, also stated:
"I am truly sorry that our customers, clients, employees and shareholders have been let down. Barclays is full of hard-working, talented individuals whose integrity is not in question. It goes without saying that Barclays will continue to have my wholehearted support in the future."
In addition, the former chairman confirmed that Barclays is to conduct an independent, 'root and branch' audit of its business practices. Also, to restore its tarnished reputation, the bank will "establish a zero-tolerance policy for any actions that harm the reputation of the bank".
One could easily argue that this smacks of closing the stable door after the horse has bolted.
'Saving Private Diamond'
The resignation of Agius went some way to mending Barclays' public image, but it was not enough -- not by a long chalk. Indeed, Agius played the role of scapegoat, diverting attention away from Barclays' 60-year-old, American-born chief executive, Bob Diamond.
'Diamond Bob' was paid £27 million in a single year when Barclays was riding high, versus £750,000 a year for its (now outgoing) chairman. Hence, having taken a huge share of the pie when times were good, Diamond should have taken the lion's share of the responsibility for Barclays' current crisis by resigning straight away.
Amazingly, Diamond disagreed and believed that, rather than being cut, he could have stayed and polished his reputation. (Okay, no more gemstone puns.) However, his decision flew in the face of public and political pressure.
On Monday, more than seven in eight (88%) of readers replying to a Daily Telegraph poll said that Diamond should have quit immediately. Meanwhile, David Cameron has announced a full parliamentary inquiry of the banking sector.
Thankfully, 'Diamond Bob' came to his senses on Tuesday morning and announced his resignation:
"My motivation has always been to do what I believed to be in the best interests of Barclays. No decision over that period was as hard as the one that I make now to stand down as Chief Executive. The external pressure placed on Barclays has reached a level that risks damaging the franchise -- I cannot let that happen. I am deeply disappointed that the impression created by the events announced last week about what Barclays and its people stand for could not be further from the truth."
The buck doesn't stop here
In the parting words of Marcus Agius, the past five years "have been a period of unprecedented stress and turmoil for the banking industry in particular and for the wider world economy in general". Even so, this does not excuse the series of scandals that Barclays -- and other banks -- have engaged in, both before and after the bursting of the credit bubble in 2007.
The past five years have exposed misdeeds such as the manipulation of Libor, widespread mis-selling of PPI (payment protection insurance) to borrowers, mis-selling of interest-rate derivatives to small businesses, and imprudent lending to high-risk borrowers.
In short, it's not that great a stretch to argue that British banks -- including the 'Big Four' of Barclays, HSBC Holdings (LSE: HSBA), Lloyds Banking Group (LSE: LLOY) and Royal Bank of Scotland (LSE: RBS) -- have gone from 'gross greed' to 'rewards for failure' to 'institutionalised dishonesty'.
What's more, possible criminal charges could follow the Libor investigation. These could include felony charges for complicity to conspire to fix prices under America's Rico law (the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act). Potentially, this could indict scores of Libor conspirators around the world.
Whose heads should roll?
Events since 2007 have clearly shown leading bank executives to be guilty of ignorance, incompetence, negligence or outright collusion when it comes to controlling highly paid traders. This strongly suggests that more heads must roll before banks can even start to rebuild their shattered reputations and public standings.
To see who could be next in the firing line, I've compiled short biographies of bank bosses, covering chairmen, CEOs, CFOs (chief financial officers) and investment-banking heads. Here they are:
1. Barclays
| Role | Current occupant | On board/in role since | Comments |
|---|
| Chairman | Marcus Agius | January 2007 | Resigned 1 July |
| CEO | Bob Diamond | Summer 1996 | Resigned 3 July |
| CFO | Chris Lucas | April 2007 | Should resign |
| IB head | Rich Ricci, Jerry del Missier | 1994; June 1997 | Both should resign |
The departures of Marcus Agius and Bob Diamond should only be the beginning, as at least three more leaders need to depart Barclays in a mass clearout. Otherwise, Barclays shares will remain under-valued when compared to their global peers, thanks to an associated 'Diamond discount'.
2. HSBC
| Role | Current occupant | On board/in role since | Comments |
|---|
| Chairman | Douglas Flint | 1995 | All scandal-free so far |
| CEO | Stuart Gulliver | May 2008 |
| CFO | Iain Mackay | 2010 |
| IB head | Samir Assaf | January 2011 |
Of all the UK's Big Four banks, HSBC rode out the financial crisis best. Even during the depths of the global financial crisis of 2007-09, HSBC needed no government bailouts. Currently, its board has clean hands, though it has been named as a defendant in Libor lawsuits.
3. Lloyds
| Role | Current occupant | On board/in role since | Comments |
|---|
| Chairman | Sir Winfried Bischoff | September 2009 | Banking legend |
| CEO | António Horta-Osório | January 2011 | Clean hands, but was absent due to stress |
| CFO | George Culmer | May 2012 | New face |
Lloyds concentrates on retail and commercial banking, thus avoiding endless investment-banking scandals. What's more, its board has already been cleared of 'bubble bosses', so it need not worry about these latest developments. Then again, the bank's image has been permanently dented by its £17.4 billion bailout by taxpayers, who currently own more than two-fifths (41%) of the bank's shares.
4. RBS
| Role | Current occupant | On board/in role since | Comments |
|---|
| Chairman | Sir Philip Hampton | January 2009 | Banking VIP parachuted in to rescue RBS |
| CEO | Stephen Hester | October 2008 | Ex-Abbey banker appointed to turn around RBS |
| CFO | Bruce van Saun | October 2009 | Another post-crisis appointment |
| IB head | John Hourican | October 2008 | Should go |
RBS nearly died during the crisis of 2007-09, but received a taxpayer bailout of £45.2 billion. It then cleared its board, forcing out its CEO Fred 'The Shred' Goodwin (who had no banking qualifications). Today, the public owns 83% of RBS.
I will single out one 'boom-time bonus' banker at RBS for the chop: John Hourican, chief executive of Markets & International Banking. Hourican was at the heart of investment banking at RBS from 2001 onwards and, frankly, it's a miracle that he has survived thus far. His name should be first on the departure list when RBS eventually gets fined for manipulating Libor.
As an ex-banker, I've been bearish (negative) on banks for five years. In fact, I don't own any bank shares today and have bought none since 2007. Likewise, Britain's biggest investor, Neil Woodford -- who manages £20 billion of our money for Invesco Perpetual -- also shuns bank shares.
To find out which great British businesses Woodford is buying, read Eight Shares Britain's Super-Investor Owns. For more about these eight money-making machines -- and Woodford's magnificent mind and methods -- download your free copy of this report today.
More from Cliff D'Arcy:
> Cliff does not own any of the shares mentioned in this article.