War Of The Generations

Published in Investing on 28 March 2012

The granny tax is just the start.

The furore over George Osborne's £1bn per year 'granny tax' may die down, but it represents the first salvo in a war between the generations over how the country's diminished wealth is shared. Though attempting to disguise it as a tax "simplification", the government admitted the measure aimed to "spread the tax relief fairly across working age people and pensioners".

And it coincides with what the Sunday Times calls "an attempt to push intergenerational unfairness up the political agenda". With the new crop of senior politicians and media commentators having been born after the hitherto dominant baby boomers, it's open season on that generation.

But political measures to shift wealth across generations could backfire, and if it leads to more taxes on wealth rather than income, it could hurt prudent savers of all ages. So just what are the arguments?

The case for youth

Pundits highlight that the baby boomers, born between 1945 and 1954, are now entering retirement richer than any generation preceding them, a trend of rising prosperity seen throughout the 20th century.

In contrast, the living standards of those born between 1985 and 1995 (and now entering employment) are no better than those born 10 years earlier. Furthermore, real household disposable incomes of people in their 20s has been overtaken for the first time by those in their 60s.

The unfairness of this is promulgated by David Willets in his book The Pinch, how the baby boomers took their children's future and why they should give it back, by the lobby group the Intergenerational Foundation, and by the Financial Times, which has described the "jinxed younger generation".

They point out that baby boomers benefitted from final salary pension schemes, free university education and rising property values funded by mortgages that fell in real terms during the high inflation of the 1970s. (Some might say, be careful what you wish for).

Employment

Contrast the fortunes of today's youth. A fifth of 16-24 year olds are neither in employment nor full-time education. The proportion of graduates in lower-skilled jobs has increased from 27% in 2001 to 36% in 2011.

And home ownership is out of their reach. The average age of a first-time buyer has rise to 37. While the proportion of pensioners owning their own homes has risen from 62% in 1991 to 79% now, home ownership among 16-24 year olds has fallen from 36% to 14%.

This perception of unfairness across the generations impacts the debate on tax policy. The FT complained: "The elderly have been protected from the coalition's rises in NI contributions, student tuition fees, child benefit and tax credit cuts. They have also benefitted from a more generous uprating of pensions and no cuts to winter fuel allowances, free TV licenses or bus passes".

The case for age

The older generation has its own lobbyists, in the form of Saga and the right-leaning press, and its case has been put forcefully in response to the granny tax.

Axing the age-related benefit put in place by William Churchill in 1925 is seen as particularly harsh, when -- as they see it -- pensioners have suffered some of the biggest cuts in income as a direct result of austerity measures. Annuity rates, already declining due to increased longevity, have been hit by quantitative easing, while negative real interest rates have trashed savings income.

With the threat of having to contribute more to care bills, pensioners don't feel universally wealthy. And many see their pensions as reward for a lifetime's work and full NI contribution record.

Education

The grey lobby argue that the much higher proportion of young people going to university naturally increases the age at which they start to earn, and so own property.

And high youth unemployment can at least in part be blamed on poor education. In a recent survey of 500 employers, Unlocking Britain's Potential, over half said the education system was not equipping young people with the right skills. Nissan reported how apprentices struggled with basic maths despite having GCSE grades A or B in the subject.

The issue is more than one of literacy and numeracy. The study identified deficiencies in basic tools of employability such as behaviour, attitude and communication. That's a serious issue for society, but hardly one that will be solved by transferring wealth across the generations.

Backfire

Attempts to do that by taxation, or more subtle pressure, might possibly backfire.

Older people are more likely to vote in elections. The FT suggests reducing the voting age to 16 as a countermeasure. Certainly, a Tory party that relies on the grey vote may be more deft in passing any future age-related tax measures.

But if the objective is to tax the wealth of older generations while disguising the target, the easy way may be to tax wealth more, and income (relatively) less. That would ultimately discourage saving and investment across the generations.

The baby boomers might also vote with their wallets. Older people's wealth gets redistributed -- through inheritance, through generosity to children and grandchildren, and by investment into the real economy.

If tax and society's attitudes discourage this nurturing of wealth by older people, then the baby boomers might just spend their money instead, on anything from care to cruises.

Already the equity market faces a demographic time bomb, if retirees' funds are withdrawn and "life-styled" into gilts. More familiarity -- and the need for yield -- may keep them invested in equity income funds. But if instead they spend their wealth, bang goes the country's already poor savings ratio.

Money tied up in property could be consumed as well. Equity release is presently complicated, costly and suitable only for the desperate. But given sufficient demand, it would not defeat the finance industry to design products that enable older home owners to spend their assets while remaining in their own home for their lifetime.

If politicians choose to play the Generation Game, they may not be met with "Nice to see you!"

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Comments

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OxonianCambion 28 Mar 2012 , 10:05am

First salvo? Good Grief!

It's more of a limp final resistance by the home guard! The war's already been won before us young 'uns even knew about it.

Enormous National Debt, huge PFI debts, massive amounts of money magicked out of nowhere in housing, student loans, privatised industries and utilities, giant pension shortfalls, depleted gold reserves, depleted natural gas reserves, pathetic infrastructure, looming power generation deficiency, mediocre economy, a financially crippled education system, depleted fish stocks & the ominous global warming fallout; what a mess we've inherited!

Let's face it, the new generation, of which there are a lot fewer of us, is going to have to pay to fix all of that and more besides! (e.g. healthcare, which the Tories are doing their level best to destroy so we won't even get the benefit when we need it!)

It's ridiculous how badly we've been set up. I'm surprised we aren't rioting on the streets...

UncleEbenezer 28 Mar 2012 , 11:04am

Willetts has pulled off a neat little scapegoating trick by lumping in people born as late as the 1960s with his own fortunate generation. That way he can deflect the worst of the fallout onto those born the wrong side of the catastrophic cutoff on April 5th 1960 (older people being so near retirement they have to be protected).

It seems to me that privileged generations come in waves. Those born around 1950 (hippy generation) are in the spotlight now, but those from the early 1970s (gap-year generation who hit adulthood in the benign 1990s) are actually the most privileged to date, and will also be the first to benefit from the easing of demographic pressure when they themselves reach pension age. A generation of today's children may be poised to do better still!

buywhenhigh 28 Mar 2012 , 11:56am

I was born in the 60s and whilst I was growing up my family DIDNT have a car, home phone, computer, internet, mobile phone. We had 1 black & white TV in the house, and I had a radio in my bedroom (shared with my sister).

My parents struggled to pay the bills and more than once we had no electricity for a week or two.

We never could afford a holiday, bar a scout camping trip I went on.

So dont think we all live the life of luxury when we were growing up. My parents were really poor and there were no such things as tax credits etc

Think on before blaming the older people.

vinchainsaw 28 Mar 2012 , 12:10pm

buywhenhigh,


And how did things turn out for you?
Do you think a young person growing up in those conditions today would fare better or worse, considering?

I think you may have unwittingly confirmed the author's point.

cduance 28 Mar 2012 , 12:48pm

Didnt Gordon Brown start all the taxing of the older generation by taking out 5Bn a year in tax from pensioners?

I dont think that the extra burden is too hard to bare if it is 83 a year worse off. The whole final salary pension schemes was doomed from the start as every year you would have an additional load of people to pay even though you are not getting any actual work from it.

peter2108 28 Mar 2012 , 1:03pm

"Harmonise" and "simplify" by having a single rate of income tax instead of two rates one for income tax and one for national insurance (NI). So instead of 20% + 12% (is it 12%) you would have a single rate of - say 27%. As us pensioners do not pay NI that means we take a 7% income tax hit while working people get a tax cut. I note that the government has not pointed out that pensioners pay 20% income tax while working people pay that + NI. Such an obvious defence one wonders why they did not make it. Of course it may be just that they are stupid. When Gordon Brown dropped income tax to 20% the Tory benches just looked stunned. They apparently did not notice that he paid for it by killing the 10% rate! Of course it has to be said that drawing people's attention to how high income tax + NI is might not be politically prudent. Hope so.

BigJC1 28 Mar 2012 , 1:19pm

Hi youth unemployment is mainly caused by the influx of hard working, skilled, cheap labour from Europe. Blame a generation of Pro European rhetoric not any baby boom.

mufuliraman 28 Mar 2012 , 1:20pm

The Cameron Government seems hell-bent on annoying the very large number of us oldies that helped it to power.
Firstly screwing up the NHS (you wouldn't believe how bad it is inside, ask my wife she is a nurse) now ripping off older people.
Well. Mr Cameron prepare to grab the tiger's tail. We can always vote you out next time, so think on lad!

Elasticdemand 28 Mar 2012 , 1:28pm

I have to smile at this talk of "lobbyists". It's one thing speaking out, but quite another to get action.
The Greens complain about the "motoring lobby" but drivers are still seen as fair game by politicians, so where's the supposed influence coming into play?
Having reached "Saga age" myself, I won't touch any of their products, and they seem a load of windbags to me.

hroodgar 28 Mar 2012 , 2:00pm

Plenty of job opportunities were available when I began work in 1952 at the age of 16 since most mothers stayed home and war casualties had diminished the male population. So I was luckier than today's youth

The only blight on our careers was two years of compulsory national service. I would have preferred the chance to spend it at university.

The lack of a car, telephone, television, washing machine, refrigerator, central heating, computer, foreign holidays, or any of the things that today constitute poverty, did not bother me. Owning things does not bring happiness but wanting them can cause misery.

My wife and I are yet to benefit from the rise in value of our home because we still live in it but in time a sale may save the nation the cost of our nursing home care.

Our comfortable income after retirement at the age of 60 comes from 44 years of continuous work, occasional risk taking and regular saving. If my graduating grand-daughter works as long, she will be 67 when she retires.

It is disappointing that our capital took a knock from the finance industry's collapse and our revenue has suffered from efforts to contain the recession. We are comforted by the knowledge that our mortgage-paying children are reaping the benefit or lower interest rates.

My biggest beef is the difficulty of retirement planning when successive governments change the rules. I sometimes envy those friends who do not save long term and rely entirely on the welfare state to support them in old age. So far they have appeared to be the winners.

Morvan 28 Mar 2012 , 2:10pm

I saw this coming a long time ago and have been 'skiing' for years. My aim is to be flat broke by the time I need care.

4spiel 28 Mar 2012 , 2:16pm

Equalising personal allowances not unfair at all in itself. But there are other things-like when older people have to pay £14 anhour for a carer and have topay for nursing home care out of taxed income when in many cases they should not be paying at all -just because it is thought they can afford it and to hell with their families and offspring.. its a lousy Government and the alternatives even worse.

Wuffle 28 Mar 2012 , 2:21pm

I saved a couple of copies of the FT recently for my dad to read. The difference between their viewpoint and that of the mainstream media was startling on this issue. He tends to agree that he was born at a favourable time.
The UK's position as a global industrial leader (with the associated wealth) was easy to maintain against a load of peasant farmers but that simply isn't the case any more.

Points of note;

Property ownership statistic is key. Two people have ten grand income, one owns and one rents. The renter is saving for property from say 8 grand and the landlord can buy more property from twelve grand. The oldies (its always oldies) forstalling developement know this.

It is reasonable to assume that the service industry will thrive. The young can't stop granny buying foreign made goods but if she wants something doing then the leverage goes the other way. And it's going to cost.

The govt. are just tinkering, the real battle is going on elsewhere.

Wuffle.





sippquixote 28 Mar 2012 , 2:35pm

Out of the 4.4 million OAPs in this country, the DT says that only 36,000 have objected to the Granny Tax.
Most OAPs appear to be happy to pay more tax, and I fully expect that Mr. Osborne will be back next Budget for another bite.

As you say "the first salvo in the war".

sonrisa1 28 Mar 2012 , 3:10pm

Now 72 I get a small pension & any savings get near no return on even with my ISA I have been stiched up by thieving Santander(Abbey ISA) savers are really suffering so that others get cheap loans at our expense thus we bcan not boost the economy, B.O.E. near brainless or stupid low rate of exchange4 is not getting us the hoped for exports.
I thinkI will live abroad where VAT is not so extortionate.

sonrisa1 28 Mar 2012 , 3:12pm

I paid 14% on my 1st mortgage in 1982! 4 % would hjave been good!

tjh290633 28 Mar 2012 , 4:25pm

What it boils down to is that the increase in the Basic State Pension will effectively be taxed at the Basic Rate for those pensioners with income in the appropriate band. Those with income above the point where all Age Allowance has been lost will get the benefit of the increase in the Personal Allowance. This, of course, will be £2,200 lower than it might have been.

aliclark 28 Mar 2012 , 4:32pm

I was born in 1948. My modest (bought and paid for) home plus collection of fine old English banknotes will be there for my sons when I go to The Great Gig in the Sky. I'd like to give them some of it sooner but were I to pass on within seven years of the donation, that Osborne geezer would have them pay tax on it. So they'll have to be patient.

rober00 28 Mar 2012 , 4:39pm

"the DT says that only 36,000 have objected to the Granny Tax."

So far, lets just wait and see what happens.

If the coalition removes taxation from the basic pension just before the next election or if the opposition includes it in its manifesto, we could be in a whole new ball game!!!

fedupwithbanks 28 Mar 2012 , 7:04pm

The Tories lambasted Brown when he ripped off our pensions for 5Bn a year. Have they done anything about it?

Yes. Ripped off a little bit more.

Who can trust self serving politicians?

They're all the same. God knows what we are supposed to do come the next election? Well I hope he does, because like our politicians, I haven't a clue!

LastChip 28 Mar 2012 , 8:22pm

fedupwithbrown, you have identified in a few short sentences what is wrong with our sort of "democracy". Particularly, the last.

With a party system and nothing to choose between them, you're cursed if you do and cursed if you don't.

Just what do you do to get rid of these morons?

Furthermore, I'm getting a little bit sick of hearing youngsters moan and groan about the older generation and how (supposedly) we all ripped them off. Frankly, they don't know they're living.

I can relate totally to buywhenhigh's post and anything I now have has been due to a lifetime of damned hard work.

My own son, now in his early 20-s had difficulty finding suitable employment. Did he sit on his backside complaining? No! At just seventeen he started his own very small business and after 5-6 years of damned hard work and extremely long hours, is just beginning to see some progress.

Stop moaning and get over it. There's money to be made if you're prepared to work. Sitting on your backsides all day will achieve nothing.

While we're on that subject, the last socialist bunch of idiots did nothing to encourage work, but everything to encourage scroungers. When you create a system that actively pays more if you don't work, what do you expect?

Bazinga 28 Mar 2012 , 8:47pm

It is no use threatening Osborne. Quietly, do not complain and next time vote them out.
They would not know what hit them.

brentford66 28 Mar 2012 , 8:55pm

Well that's the last straw. Penalising pensioners at the same time as reducing tax for the wealthy it beggars belief that they have the gaul to do it without laughing (although they came close to it).

My wife and I were born at the end of the war and went through years of rationing. Imagine what the poor souls of today would do if they couldn't fill their faces with burgers and pizza. And as for swanning around in designer clothes and trainers. I have nothing against any of this as we did our best for our children so they wouldn't have the hardships we had. But when people bleat on about us being the lucky generation - do me a favour. Anyway its helped my wife and I make our minds up - we are selling up and off to France and although they are bit cranky they do respect their elders which unfortunately the UK seems to have forgotten how to treat older people. They seem to think older people are just a burden and would be quite happy if they could put them down like sick dogs.
Don't these politicians think they will get old one day.


AlysonThomson 29 Mar 2012 , 8:25am

And, eh, what about the PRESENT Public Sector workers who are all in FINAL SALARY Pension Schemes?

millwall11 29 Mar 2012 , 10:30am

So many comments on 'voting out the current lot'. Do you really think the labour/Unions party will give pensioners anything? They will print money, spend and tax even more.
Apart from the increasing numbers of state benefits scroungers who have no intention of working except for cash in hand there is little normal people can do to avoid tax. Pensioners are especially hit as they cannot avoid tax taken at source and can no longer earn at the same levels except in a relatively few cases. The current generation, on average, have money to give their kids, the generation after that will be very hard hit. Buy a house, save funds overseas and start a SIPP/ISA would be a start for most younger people - oh and stop wasting money on bingeing every weekend. It wasn't easy in the '70's either, we saved for 2 years to get a house deposit.

matchmade 29 Mar 2012 , 11:23am

My mother's retired on about £14K a year income and she thinks all this talk of a Granny Tax is just piffle: yes, the tax-free allowance is being phased out but this is being compensated for because the state pension is scheduled to increase dramatically in real terms and it will be linked again to earnings, which pensioners have been campaigning for ever since Mrs Thatcher abolished the earnings link. Why do all the campaigners never give the Government credit for this, or praise them for taking on the massive battle to recover from the utterly disastrous economic policies of New Labour? The fact is pensioners have been protected from almost all the government cuts and continue to be so, whilst their incomes are index-linked, unlike wages which have been falling against inflation for several years now.

This latest Budget did not "penalise pensioners" - it protected them. Nor did it "cut taxes for the wealthy": the 50% tax band was shown to raise very little tax because people changed the behaviour to keep their incomes below £150K, and the new taxes imposed by the Chancellor on wealth, like increased stamp duty on properties over £2 million, will raise five times as much money as the 50% band. We should be encouraging people, including the very well-paid, to work harder and earn more to help our economy recover, not discouraging them with extra income tax. If we have to tax more, increased taxation on unproductive accumulated wealth, such as housing, seems a sensible way to go.

goodlifer 29 Mar 2012 , 8:14pm

mufuliraman

"You wouldn't believe how bad it (the NHS) is inside, ask my wife she is a nurse"

The NHS certainly isn't perfect, but bits of it, I promise you, are as good as anybody's best.

Ask my wife, she's a patient (terminal brain cancer.)

LateDeveloper 30 Mar 2012 , 1:02pm

The only people you can blame is the banks and government.
Why, that is quite a simple answer, the baby boomers have paid more into the UK economy than any other generation, and they have been consistently ripped off all through their lives, and the trend has now continued into their retirement.
Lets not forget those who were born post 1970 on, these are the same yuppies that helped fuel the last 2 crashes in the markets, and yet on both occasions it is the baby boomers that have had to bail them out.

LateDeveloper 30 Mar 2012 , 1:20pm

Now for some of the comments on here which begger belief.
@millwall11 and the comment made about benefit scroungers, maybe we should call anyone that drinks alcohol of any sort a drunk and subject to locking up. You clearly have no idea of what someone on benefits has to do and what they cannot do. Anyone who earns any money at all has to declare it, and if they just think the person is getting more than they say, their benefit is stopped, and even if they earn more than £5 then their benefit is reduced. by the amount over £5, what point is there in someone declaring any earnings when they are immediately subjected to scrutiny and loss of benefit if they so much as attempt to pick themselves up and at least try to work. All Governments need to stop using the stick and at least promote work as an alternative, not punish those that try to do something. My daughter has had to jump through many hoops just to get herself together by doing voluntary work, which is also classed as work and again possible loss of benefits. People really need to think and know what they are talking about before making stupid comments.
@matchmade The figures don't work out when it comes to cutting the higher tax rate in favour of taxing purchases of new homes over 2 million.
If you are very rich, you either already have a house, so you are just cutting their tax, with no benefit, and if you don't have a house then you are renting (Tax deductible), and can afford to buy one in a different country. All that this has done is to stifle the current house buying market, not bring in the same amount of revenue, never mind more.

57degreesnorth 01 Apr 2012 , 10:36am

What a bunch of miserable fools you all are (nearly all anyway). Wake up Britain, you are not earning your way in the world.
For those in the priveliged generation who have just been 'ripped-off'' by the granny tax, perhaps you would have been happier dying at 72 rather than 80? No? I suspected not. Is it possible that you understand how all this extra life impacts on the finances of the country? There's a simple solution; stop the generational civil war, work longer, work harder and work for less - that's what our competitors are doing and we are no smarter than them. The alternatives are very much less appealing.

LateDeveloper 01 Apr 2012 , 5:08pm

"For those in the priveliged generation "

Don't see where that comes from, the so called privileged generation has paid more in taxes than those post maggie thatcher. Tax rates used to be around 35% for all except for those in the upper tax brackets So they actually paid more into the economy than they do now. It is the present generation that has it easy and bleats about tax rises. After 50 years of work and taxes, they have the right to say where has all my money gone, and why are we now being taxed cradle to grave still paying taxes upon taxes. If you invested in business in the same manner, you would soon want to know what the hell they are playing about at.
I think the older generation has a right to being miserable fools :P

f1nants 02 Apr 2012 , 10:49am

Whichever way you look at it the snouts in the trough are happy. The some people are more equal than others syndrome continues and no one takes responsibility. Why should they? everyone knows the system is designed to benefit the powerful and begger the consequences.

So where does this leave us. Certainly the system needs to be totally rethought and resources not squandered. How can a modern society which encourages companies to install robotic machines thereby throwing humans out of work be expected to finance the out of work, the money is tied up financing by tax breaks, grants etc for the very companies causing the problem. Its all nonsense; a parallel is spending oil revenues on current account not building up a capital reserve. (Here Norway has differed; Norway has not squandered its oil revenue resources.) The idiotic policies just keep on coming: A social welfare system which has encouraged sloth attracts cheap labour from overseas which in turn needs welfare support.

There is no point looking to attack the young or the old, its a diversion and the real enemy is the idiotic policymakers. Only when granny and her grandchildren march to the same drum will policy change.

poorMfool 02 Apr 2012 , 1:15pm

I agree, and it is those with their snouts in the trough that foster this divide, to divert attention away from their own dillusions.

UK Government has created a social divide and not fostered a working environment through their policies.

sludgesifter 02 Apr 2012 , 3:05pm

@Tony Reading: Who was "William Churchill"? Do you perhaps mean Winston Churchill, who was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1925?

rumade 02 Apr 2012 , 4:44pm

One thing I'm fed up with is the older generation saying "well I didn't have X Y or Z growing up, and I did just fine!". First of all, I live in a house with central heating and a tumble drier, both of which are switched on once in a blue moon because we can't afford the energy costs. And second of all, as a young person today I am expected to have certain things, not just by my peers but by employers and my university. They expect you to be able to instantly respond to phone calls and emails to the point where you at the least need home broadband, a PC and a mobile phone, and many expect more of you.
You should have seen the kit list my design school sent me on the first day of term- they expected you to have an SLR camera, a Macbook laptop, and seemingly unlimited funds for trips.

The older generation did have it better in terms of employment when they were young. They didn't have a massive Eastern European sponge soaking up all the jobs like café waitress, shop assistant, etc. They could get a job just by walking up to the counter instead of being told that the company only advertises online.

curedum 02 Apr 2012 , 5:52pm

Most of the comments above strike me as true, but in a limited way. Every generation has its challenges. But, as a nation, we have accumulated a very large debt (which is still increasing) and we've got to reduce it - otherwise we'll end up like Greece.

Arguing about which generation has been hardest done by isn't really helpful. What we must do is to share out the pain of reducing the national overspend fairly.

goodlifer 02 Apr 2012 , 8:12pm

LateDeveloper

"The baby boomers have paid more into the UK economy than any other generation."

Is that really true?
I seem to remember taxation was much higher between 1945 and about 1980, when Mrs T reduced it by selling off the family silver and spending the revenue from North Sea oil.

mao44 03 Apr 2012 , 6:04pm

mufuliraman

You made your bed can you can lie in it!!

LateDeveloper 05 Apr 2012 , 6:32pm

goodlifer

Thanks for putting that point home, the babyboomers were working in that generation, paying more in taxes than they do these days, ergo they have paid more into the economy through taxation. :)

It was said years ago that the underlying tax rate should be around the 35% mark and indeed I did read somewhere that that is the underlying tax rate now, but the onus is on consumers paying for it, rather than in direct taxation like before Maggy.

What this Government fail to grasp is that if you remove wages and jobs from our present economy, then this fundamental taxation disappears and there is less coming in to the coffers.
Then again, how can we expect any Con Government to understand these basic concepts, when the first things they do is to sell off the countries silver, as you put it, and look around for ways to fund their misbegotten policies, by selling anything else off they can. Indeed would you invest in a company that can do nothing but asset strip and not produce anything worthwhile. Count me out on that one :)

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