The IMF has urged the global introduction of 'clean up' taxes on financial firms.
On Tuesday, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) dropped a tax bomb on the world's banks and other financial institutions.
In a report -- ominously entitled A Fair and Substantial Contribution by the Financial Sector -- the IMF set out the case for two new worldwide taxes to be levied on banks and other institutions primarily engaging in financial activities -- so-called 'Tobin taxes'.
Bank shares slip slightly
The IMF's report should be a nasty surprise for investors. However, shares in leading British banks fell back only modestly on Wednesday, as follows:
So far, there has been a fairly muted response by bank shareholders. Then again, remember that we taxpayers own most of RBS (84%) and have a 41% shareholding in Lloyds. These holdings are managed and controlled by UK Financial Investments, which is wholly owned by HM Treasury.
Note that the IMF intends for the proposed levies to apply to all financial firms, including insurers, hedge funds and the like. Otherwise, banks would transfer risk to non-bank subsidiaries in order to escape the taxes. In short, these are much more than bank-bashing taxes.
Now for the detail:
The first tax is flat...
Ahead of this week's meeting of the G20 group of finance ministers, the IMF proposed two taxes on financial firms (though it clearly has banks firmly in its sights).
The first tax is based on the size of a bank's balance sheet. This revenue would be used to create a fund to pay for future financial crises. This 'financial stability contribution' would probably take the form of a flat-rate tax levied on banks' liabilities. Thus, the larger the bank, the higher its contribution to the bail-out fund. Over time, the levy could evolve to reflect institutions' individual risk profiles.
The IMF estimates that a fund worth between 2% and 4% of each country's gross domestic product (GDP) would be desirable. In other words, the size of the UK's bail-out fund would be somewhere between £28 and £56 billion in today's terms. Of course, the taxes needed to create a fund of this size would be collected over many years.
...the second is FAT
The IMF's second tax, amusingly dubbed the Financial Activities Tax (FAT), is aimed at curbing excessive risk-taking and profiteering by financial firms. In effect, FAT takes aim at bumper profits and fat-cat bankers.
In effect, when financial profits exceed 'normal' levels, the FAT kicks in, reducing banks' profitability and adding to tax revenues. Similarly, when bankers' remuneration rockets (as in the run-up to the credit crunch of 2007), FAT levies would slim down City pay.
Of course, if these taxes were not widely adopted within the G20, then only a subset of banks would be liable to them. This would create regulatory arbitrage, giving a competitive advantage to banks in countries without these financial taxes.
Were these taxes to be approved by the G20 at the June summit in Canada, they could be introduced in a co-ordinated effort in 2011. However, Canada and Japan have already rejected any 'systemic-risk tax', so widespread agreement among leading nations is fairly unlikely.
Then again, Chancellor Alistair Darling welcomed the IMF's proposals to curb excessive risk-taking and profitability by financial firms. Likewise, having pushed the idea of global bank taxes at last November's G7 summit in Edinburgh, Prime Minister Gordon Brown must be pleased with the IMF. In addition, US President Barack Obama recently reiterated his support for a global financial levy.
Will they work?
Hard-pressed taxpayers will welcome these proposals to make financial firms, rather than taxpayers, fund the cost of government guarantees.
However, thanks to the law of unintended consequences, these taxes could make financiers take greater risks, knowing that they would enjoy government backing via bail-out funds. The IMF proposes to tackle this 'moral hazard' by creating regimes to allow individual banks to go out of business without causing a chain reaction.
The biggest problem facing the G20 nations -- particularly the large economies of the US, Japan, Germany, France and the UK -- is making taxes work. Were banks to move to business-friendly regimes such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Switzerland, any such taxes would be self-defeating.
In summary, it remains to be seen how strong international co-operation on financial taxes will be. In the meantime, the Tories would look to introduce a general tax on UK banks aimed at raising around £1 billion a year as a contribution to government spending.
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