Banks Face Two New Taxes

Published in Investing on 22 April 2010

The IMF has urged the global introduction of 'clean up' taxes on financial firms.

On Tuesday, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) dropped a tax bomb on the world's banks and other financial institutions.

In a report -- ominously entitled A Fair and Substantial Contribution by the Financial Sector -- the IMF set out the case for two new worldwide taxes to be levied on banks and other institutions primarily engaging in financial activities -- so-called 'Tobin taxes'. 

Bank shares slip slightly

The IMF's report should be a nasty surprise for investors. However, shares in leading British banks fell back only modestly on Wednesday, as follows:

BankDay's change
Barclays (LSE: BARC)-1.9%
HSBC Holdings (LSE: HSBA)-1.4%
Lloyds Banking Group (LSE: LLOY)-0.1%
Royal Bank of Scotland (LSE: RBS)+2.6%
Standard Chartered (LSE: STAN)-1.0%

So far, there has been a fairly muted response by bank shareholders. Then again, remember that we taxpayers own most of RBS (84%) and have a 41% shareholding in Lloyds. These holdings are managed and controlled by UK Financial Investments, which is wholly owned by HM Treasury.

Note that the IMF intends for the proposed levies to apply to all financial firms, including insurers, hedge funds and the like. Otherwise, banks would transfer risk to non-bank subsidiaries in order to escape the taxes. In short, these are much more than bank-bashing taxes.

Now for the detail:

The first tax is flat...

Ahead of this week's meeting of the G20 group of finance ministers, the IMF proposed two taxes on financial firms (though it clearly has banks firmly in its sights).

The first tax is based on the size of a bank's balance sheet. This revenue would be used to create a fund to pay for future financial crises. This 'financial stability contribution' would probably take the form of a flat-rate tax levied on banks' liabilities. Thus, the larger the bank, the higher its contribution to the bail-out fund. Over time, the levy could evolve to reflect institutions' individual risk profiles.

The IMF estimates that a fund worth between 2% and 4% of each country's gross domestic product (GDP) would be desirable. In other words, the size of the UK's bail-out fund would be somewhere between £28 and £56 billion in today's terms. Of course, the taxes needed to create a fund of this size would be collected over many years.

...the second is FAT

The IMF's second tax, amusingly dubbed the Financial Activities Tax (FAT), is aimed at curbing excessive risk-taking and profiteering by financial firms. In effect, FAT takes aim at bumper profits and fat-cat bankers.

In effect, when financial profits exceed 'normal' levels, the FAT kicks in, reducing banks' profitability and adding to tax revenues. Similarly, when bankers' remuneration rockets (as in the run-up to the credit crunch of 2007), FAT levies would slim down City pay.

Of course, if these taxes were not widely adopted within the G20, then only a subset of banks would be liable to them. This would create regulatory arbitrage, giving a competitive advantage to banks in countries without these financial taxes.

Were these taxes to be approved by the G20 at the June summit in Canada, they could be introduced in a co-ordinated effort in 2011. However, Canada and Japan have already rejected any 'systemic-risk tax', so widespread agreement among leading nations is fairly unlikely.

Then again, Chancellor Alistair Darling welcomed the IMF's proposals to curb excessive risk-taking and profitability by financial firms. Likewise, having pushed the idea of global bank taxes at last November's G7 summit in Edinburgh, Prime Minister Gordon Brown must be pleased with the IMF. In addition, US President Barack Obama recently reiterated his support for a global financial levy.

Will they work?

Hard-pressed taxpayers will welcome these proposals to make financial firms, rather than taxpayers, fund the cost of government guarantees.

However, thanks to the law of unintended consequences, these taxes could make financiers take greater risks, knowing that they would enjoy government backing via bail-out funds. The IMF proposes to tackle this 'moral hazard' by creating regimes to allow individual banks to go out of business without causing a chain reaction.

The biggest problem facing the G20 nations -- particularly the large economies of the US, Japan, Germany, France and the UK -- is making taxes work. Were banks to move to business-friendly regimes such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Switzerland, any such taxes would be self-defeating.

In summary, it remains to be seen how strong international co-operation on financial taxes will be. In the meantime, the Tories would look to introduce a general tax on UK banks aimed at raising around £1 billion a year as a contribution to government spending.

More from Cliff D'Arcy:

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timthegambler 22 Apr 2010 , 11:56am

Nice bit of scapegoating to include the insurers (no British insurers were bailed out) in this. Surely Solvency II will mean insurers hold so much capital that failure will be nearly as impossible as new firms chances of success given these new barriers-to-entry.

mahdave 22 Apr 2010 , 2:46pm

If the State has a FAT share of various taxes from the banks and financial institutions, and also have pretentions of being regulator, over-seer and almost Gods, when the times are good and its coffers are filled up year-in-year out, why should the financial institutions pay ANYTHING if they stray in the wilderness and lose a little, once in a blue-moon. The state should also share equally in loses too.
After all, if the State has no grey matter upstairs to spot danger signals at the appropriate times, the taxes they collect from profits should be considered as more than enough INSURANCE PREMIUMS collected and as well cough up a small portion of the free bounties collected in the past.
Come on! Where are all those brainy lawyers banks etc. pay for?
I am just another tax-payer and with no bank shareholding, so have noself-interest to look after - after all...fair is fair!

gronno 22 Apr 2010 , 3:21pm

And where will the tax money come from? Banks profits? I think not, customers (we) will pay for it. I would welcome a clear article on what would/could have happened if the banks weren't rescued by us.

Fingered 22 Apr 2010 , 4:03pm

..."The state should also share equally in loses too" .......Mahdave, sorry, matey but as a taxpayer myself helping to support the state, I thoroughly object to MY taxes being used to share in the losses of private enterprises, nor their investing stockholders, nor their bondholders. They can go smoke.

Fingered 22 Apr 2010 , 4:17pm

........I, nor you, though will have much choice in the matter though. No matter which colour of political parties gains power, they all will one way or another mess with the tax system so we do end up contributing. Notwithstanding these two new additional flat and fat taxes, of the existing forms of tax, the real big four heavyweights are N.I, Corporation Tax, VAT and Income Tax. Each of the parties as you have seen in their manifestos advocate fiddling with these one way or another to leverage a greater or lesser burden on to different interest groups withinn society. So, we can expect this grim fiasco to cost us all dearly, one way way or another.

actiondan 22 Apr 2010 , 4:55pm

Perhaps the problem is that the banks prefer to pay out their profits to their top-level staff rather than their shareholders.

The government would already stand to get a reasonable deal out of our banks if they shared their profits more like they do in other industries.

supasap 22 Apr 2010 , 5:12pm

always hard to buck the market (until we rise up against capitalism once our levels of class consciousness have been raised sufficiently but that's a long way off yet judging by popularity of the X factor for example) so much easier to let all companies including banks to fail...... as long as we as customers know this then we will sread our savings according to out risk / reward profiles...... if individual states wish to subsidise failing institutions then it is up to them but not sure how IMF is going to tell Switzerland to behave financially responsibly in the name of the greater global good.... sounds a bit idealistic, as idealistic as distributing goods and services on basis of need rather than market power

CunningCliff 22 Apr 2010 , 5:20pm

Many thanks for your feedback.

If new financial taxes do arise, then expect banks and other firms to increase their charges to claw back the money from customers.

Heads they win, tails we lose. Bah! :0(

Cliff

BarrenFluffit 22 Apr 2010 , 8:18pm

Also in this would be particularly hard on large self managed investment trusts. These represent no systemic risk but have large balance sheets because the financial activity (fund management) appears on the same balance sheet.

Fingered 22 Apr 2010 , 8:28pm

Let's not assume a rising up against a capitalism is beyond the wit of ma and impossible. If one thinks back into history not too many decades ago following a major downturn, communism swept to power across half the planet.

supasap 22 Apr 2010 , 8:46pm

that is true Fingered but we have ended up with a backlash against the Stalin model and I didn't know whether to laugh or cry when I saw in Prague the communist museum next door to McDonalds..... maybe we are on a very slow path toward larger forms of state intervention and socialism through the back door....... NHS is interesting one in UK........ none of the parties would dare to end it even though it is a weird form of communism .... I support it too

Fingered 22 Apr 2010 , 8:54pm

Swiss (or Lichtenstein for that matter) : Let's not assume they are immune from the blame game culture of finger pointing and scape-goating.Recall recently how under intense pressure on these states by USA IRS and Government forced them into handing over lists of american citizens for investigation of tax evasion......mmmh. Also, not all banks in these states are in the big global game and exposed ( eg Credit Suisse and UBS)..... many are local smaller institutions based on a Canton structure, are often extremely highly capitalised even up to 120%!!! . These Swiss and Lichtensteiners are pretty prudent folk. :-) Can't see somehow these states even needing to resort to the IMF for funding myself. ...If you want a safe canton Swiss bank account, .....well, maybe these days you only get an account opened if you get a personal introduction recommendation to the bank manager and have a spare suitcase with a million dollars in readies to open up your balance with. ........then again, there's Singapore of course.

Fingered 22 Apr 2010 , 8:57pm

For sure there was a backlash against it all....I'm not advocating it.....just saying never say never. :-)

gordonbanks42 22 Apr 2010 , 9:39pm

The idea of leaving £50 billion in the hands of the Govt "just in case" is laughable.

Someone, over the 15-20 years it might take between when the money's collected and when it's next needed, will decide that it's more efficient to spend it now on (say) more hospitals and schools, and then borrow or print the necessary £50 billion or so if and when the banking industry next hits the fan and needs the cash.

Looking at it coolly and rationally, they might well be right. The Govt can afford to self-insure from current revenues against more or less anything.

So where's that got us, then?

Having read the proposals on "contingent capital" put forward by Goldman Sachs and others, I think that's a far better way to go. It leaves the risk where it belongs - with a failing bank's shareholders, is more likely to act as a deterrent as well as a palliative, and probably has a lower opportunity cost as well. There needs to be a risk that any bank throwing a double 1 (or whatever other threshold you choose) goes bust rather than being bailed out.

Does anyone have the case against contingent capital?

Fingered 22 Apr 2010 , 11:29pm

gb42...this is an old old story and frought with a myriad of pro's and cons.....just try googling on the subject! With Goldmanman Sachs supporting it, I for one am more sceptical as they do appear to be experts at entwining themselves and their former executives into political structures and playing in an opaque world of conflicts of interests.

Kickero 23 Apr 2010 , 8:55am

This is nuts. Take £50bn out of the system to do what? We need to keep money in the system and speed up how quickly it moves around.

Like almost all interventions the outcome will not be what is envisaged. Bankers will get richer, customers will foot the bill and the next crisis will happen regardless.

I'd also like to see an article that fully explores what would have happened if we'd let the banks fall.

I struggle with the idea of having a fund to prop up failing institutions as it's not an evolutionary stable strategy.

supasap 23 Apr 2010 , 10:46am

that's a fair point Kickero, whenever media talks about the intervention / bail out they use emotive slogans such as catastrophic consequences, financial meltdown, unthinkable, collapse etc but not everyone had more than 50k in any one bank, not everyone was struggling with debts, if you needed a loan off bank x and this failed then so what you go to bank y to secure it, so yes the logical outcome of letting the banks fail was not explored in sufficient detail, now they have this protected status in capitalism which goes against the grain of not supporting lame ducks and it undermines purity of model so maybe the answer is to just use loads of different banks for loans and emergency funds and then invest in shares and commodities for long term stuff........ having parts of a system gold plated (like public sector pensions) implies problems for other parts of the system

mahdave 23 Apr 2010 , 1:37pm

RE: FINGERED 4.03 pm RESPONSE
Why do I get a single penny from my House Insurer when I spilt baked beans on my carpet, or when my house goes up in flames when I "forgot" to switch off the cooker with the chip pen full of hot fat? My house insurer's booklet tells me what I should and should not do to protect my property.
Why did I get un-employment benefit etc. when my employer fired me I was not really upto my other colleagues standards and when my factory "folded" into bankruptcy?Should I go on?
The Govt. and Regulators were asleep at the wheels whilst the banks were making money from whatever was in fashion then. Did they change or pass any laws in the parliament? BANKS ARE ALSO TAX-PAPERS LIKE YOU AND ME.
I maintain, the Govt.the Regulators and the Cabinet Memebers (50% pay cuts?) should pay up and shut up!

Fingered 23 Apr 2010 , 2:14pm

Sorry Mahdave I do not support the privatization of profits and the socialization of losses for banks. The piece of the equation you omit is the degree of lobbying by industry groups that has gone on for decades ( financial sector included) and the financial greasing of political skids to obtain favourable legislation and lax regulation.

Fingered 23 Apr 2010 , 2:49pm

.....But hey, welcome to the world of the fractional reserve banking systems and a sector where the financial engineers have dreamt up a plethora of unregulated toxic financial instrument debt lakes such as cdo's, cdo's squared and cubed which dwarf the debt pools of conventional instruments by 10's of trillions . Enjoy the public's reparation of these busted balance sheets!

supasap 23 Apr 2010 , 3:14pm

yes it all went wrong when we abandoned gold as means of exchange and allowed state to rob us all

gulliblejack 23 Apr 2010 , 10:24pm

There's an idea. Let's go back onthe gold standard, then the books will have to be balanced and inflation will not be regarded as a good thing.

gordonbanks42 23 Apr 2010 , 10:45pm

@fingered: (re contingent capital)

Thanks. Glad to see it has pros as well as cons. Seems that I'm not the only one who thinks that the IMF's scheme is mainly "cons". Are there any ex-GSers in high positions at the IMF? If not, that'll be a strong factor in favour of adopting its recommendations, with things being as they are just now. Shame.

Can't someone think of a mechanism that would actually work?

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